ABSTRACT On 15 March 1885, an Anglo-Russian war-scare was unleashed as a result of a skirmish between Russian and Afghan troops, who ran into each other in a region called Penjdeh in Central Asia. Fearing that East Asia might become a battlefield in case an Anglo-Russian war would break out, the British government decided to occupy three islands off the southern coast of Korean peninsula called Kŏmundo, known to the British at that time as Port Hamilton, to improve Britain's strategic foothold in this region. The Penjdeh crisis was the first case in the nineteenth century that an incident in Asia triggered a serious war-scare between the Great Powers. As the European empires continued to expand throughout the nineteenth century, they started to rub their imperial frontiers with each other, and thus it became increasingly possible by the last quarter of the century that events outside of Europe could lead to a serious crisis between them. Yet, despite of its importance, not enough scholarly attention has been given to this incident. This article will address the shortcomings of the existing literature by emphasising the importance of this understudied incident within the broader trend of international history in the late-nineteenth century.

中文翻译：

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英俄战争恐慌和英国占领 Kŏmundo，1885-7：大国之间国际事务全球化的初始阶段

摘要 1885 年 3 月 15 日，俄罗斯和阿富汗军队在中亚彭杰德地区发生小规模冲突，引发了英俄战争恐慌。英国政府担心东亚可能成为战场，以防英俄战争爆发，决定占领朝鲜半岛南部海岸的三座岛屿 Kŏmundo，当时英国人称其为汉密尔顿港，以改善英国在这一地区的战略立足点。Penjdeh 危机是 19 世纪亚洲事件引发列强之间严重战争恐慌的第一例。随着欧洲帝国在整个 19 世纪继续扩张，他们开始相互摩擦他们的帝国边界，因此，到本世纪的最后 25 年，欧洲以外的事件可能导致它们之间发生严重危机的可能性越来越大。然而，尽管它很重要，但学术界对这一事件却没有给予足够的关注。本文将通过强调这一未被充分研究的事件在 19 世纪后期更广泛的国际历史趋势中的重要性来解决现有文献的缺点。