ABSTRACT This paper first explores in detail a regenerated theory in philosophy of mind, known among contemporary philosophers as ‘emergentism’. By distinguishing strong and weak versions of the theory, I explain two important explanatory challenges presented by physicalists against this theory. In the following, I provide a brief overview of Sadr al-Muta’allihin’s theory of the incipience and degrees of the soul, examining similarities and differences between this theory and strong emergentism. Then, underlining the main aspects of similarity between the two theories, I consider the challenges presented by physicalists against emergentism as reconstructible against Sadra’s theory. Surveying some explanations by Sadraean philosophers of the soul-body relationship, I ultimately argue that Sadra’s theory is inadequate in face of the objections and doubts raised by contemporary physicalists. My assessment is that Sadra’s philosophy is in need of further development to meet those explanatory challenges.

中文翻译：

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紧急状态和萨德拉的心理；常见的物理挑战

摘要本文首先详细探讨了心智哲学的一种再生理论，在当代哲学家中被称为“紧急主义”。通过区分理论的强项和弱项，我解释了物理学家针对这一理论提出的两个重要的解释性挑战。在下文中，我简要概述了萨德尔·穆塔伊·阿利林（Sadr al-Muta'allihin）关于灵魂的开始和程度的理论，并考察了该理论与强烈的新兴主义之间的异同。然后，在强调这两种理论之间相似性的主要方面时，我认为物理学家对紧急主义提出的挑战是可以反驳萨德拉理论的。考察了撒德拉哲学家对灵魂关系的一些解释，我最终认为，面对现代物理学家提出的反对和怀疑，萨德拉的理论是不够的。我的评估是，Sadra的哲学需要进一步发展，以应对这些解释性挑战。