Since the mid-nineteenth century a significant, though not yet complete, shift in both the politics and the teachings of popes regarding war and peace has occurred, in an increasingly pacifist direction. More specifically, the emphasis of the papal office has noticeably changed from endorsing violence and war toward embracing the essential coupling of peace and justice, holistic peacebuilding, and active nonviolence. Moving beyond the tendency in academic literature to focus solely upon the Catholic Church’s teaching on just war, this essay demonstrates how the papacy went through a transformation in their attitudes to war and peace since the accession of Pius IX (r.1846–1878). Mapping developments from the mid-nineteenth century down to the time of this writing in March 2018, this essay demonstrates that while the contemporary popes have left intact certain aspects of the teaching of just war, they nonetheless lend a large measure of support to JustPeace outcomes, defined by the authors as combining peace and social justice in a mutually enhancing and creative tension.

中文翻译：

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教皇是否正在放弃正义战争并拥抱正义和平？

自 19 世纪中叶以来，政治和教皇关于战争与和平的教义都发生了重大但尚未完成的转变，朝着日益和平主义的方向发展。更具体地说，教皇办公室的重点已从支持暴力和战争明显转变为拥抱和平与正义、整体和平建设和积极非暴力的基本结合。超越学术文献中仅关注天主教会关于正义战争的教导的趋势，本文展示了自庇护九世（r.1846–1878）加入以来，教皇如何经历了他们对战争与和平的态度的转变。绘制从 19 世纪中叶到 2018 年 3 月撰写本文时的发展图，