In 2014, the Middle East appeared to teeter on the brink of an all-out sectarian war between Sunnis and Shi’as. In June of that year, the major Iraqi city of Mosul fell to the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria in a matter of days, bringing the group closer to its vow to eliminate all Shi’as and other religious minorities living in its self-proclaimed Islamic caliphate. Several hundred miles to the west, Iran’s Revolutionary Guard Corps were actively training Afghan Shi’a fighters to support the demoralized troops of Bashar Assad.

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宗派化：绘制中东新政治。Hashemi Nader 和 Danny Postel，编辑。（牛津和纽约：牛津大学出版社，2017 年）。

2014 年，中东似乎处于逊尼派和什叶派之间全面宗派战争的边缘。同年 6 月，伊拉克主要城市摩苏尔在几天之内就落入了伊拉克和叙利亚伊斯兰国的手中，使该组织更接近于其誓言要消灭所有居住在其自称为其境内的什叶派和其他宗教少数群体。伊斯兰哈里发。在向西数百英里处，伊朗革命卫队正在积极训练阿富汗什叶派战士，以支持士气低落的巴沙尔·阿萨德军队。