ABSTRACT The harbor of Jaffa is one of the oldest in the land of Israel and was a significant entry from the sea for the last 4000 years, from the Middle Bronze Age to the twentieth century. Birket el-Kamar was a sandy bay in the coastal strip south of modern Jaffa harbor that had been part of the harbor during various past periods, but no longer exists. Its name, meaning ‘the Moon Pool’, occurs in historical archival documents, mainly maps, from the nineteenth century to the first half of the twentieth century. This study focuses on the changing outlines of Birket el-Kamar during the last 800 years, based on recently revealed archaeological remains, and documentary evidence. It seems that in addition to the natural processes, the Ottoman fortress that was built on the natural sand strip connecting the rocks in the sea with the coast, also affected the on-going processes, through which the inner port, the central port and the north anchorage suffered higher erosion rates and the shoreline retreated eastward.

中文翻译：

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Birket El-Kamar，雅法，以色列的出现和消失

摘要 雅法港是以色列土地上最古老的港口之一，从青铜时代中期到 20 世纪的过去 4000 年里，它是一个重要的海上入口。Birket el-Kamar 是现代雅法港以南沿海地带的一个沙湾，在过去的各个时期曾是港口的一部分，但已不复存在。它的名字意为“月亮池”，出现在十九世纪至二十世纪上半叶的历史档案文件中，主要是地图。根据最近出土的考古遗迹和文献证据，这项研究的重点是在过去 800 年中 Birket el-Kamar 不断变化的轮廓。似乎除了自然过程之外，建立在连接海中岩石和海岸的天然沙带上的奥斯曼堡垒，