Writing on the centenary of the Palestine Exploration Fund in 1965, D. R. Howell chose to speak of our history in two phases. The first phase, according to Howell, was from our foundation in 1865 until the Great War. It was in this period that ‘a great part of the groundwork of Palestinian exploration had been achieved and the techniques of archaeology had been improved, notably by Flinders Petrie’s demonstration of the importance of pottery in relation to the stratigraphy of a site.’ Howell was no doubt correct that the Fund’s first phase was, in so many ways, a time of massive advances in knowledge of the history of the Levant and progress in the field of archaeology. The changing circumstances of the world in the first twenty years of the twentieth century – driven largely by events in Europe—transformed the Palestine Exploration Fund’s role in Palestine. On the one hand, expeditions from other countries in Palestine increased in frequency and size so that the Fund needed to situate its work alongside these other projects. On the other hand, the Great War transformed the political landscape in which all archaeology and historical research was occurring. Thus, in 1965, D. R. Howell could reflect on the period from 1915 onwards as the ‘second phase of British archaeology in Palestine’ and, as a result, the second phase of the Palestine Exploration Fund’s existence. The second phase saw quickly advancing technology change the nature of archaeology, drive the professionalization of the field, and sharply increase the cost of field work. The Fund, as a result, was able to fund much less field work on its own and needed to collaborate with other institutions, both British and foreign. Among those, it is worth pausing to recognize the creation of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem in 1919. The Fund offers its congratulations to our friends at the British School as they celebrate their centennial this year. And yet, the most important event in this time period for the Fund did not occur in Palestine, but London. It was 1911 when Walter Morrison, Treasurer of the Fund from 1868 to 1919, gifted Hinde Street to the Fund. Morrison’s generosity has enabled our ongoing existence and work in so many ways to this point that it is impossible to measure its import to the Fund. When he wrote in 1965, Howell could already note how the second phase of the Fund’s existence was shaped prominently by political events—a worldwide depression, another world war, and the political and military events in the Middle East from 1947 onwards. One wonders if Howell could have conceived of what further changes would come before the 1960s ended, or imagine what would occur in the subsequent 50 years. Technology has become an ever increasing and rapidly advancing feature of archaeology; politics have never ceased to shape the work of the Fund; research is more international now than ever before; costs have not abated, and there is no likelihood they will in the foreseeable future; collaboration among governments, institutions, and scholars has become ever more central to undertaking exploration in Palestine successfully. Now, in 2019, the Palestine Exploration Fund embarks on what I believe will be its third phase of existence. There will be no sharp caesura from what has preceded this new phase, but I have little doubt things will be different from now on for the Fund. Walter Morrison’s gift of 1911 keeps giving: the sale of the Hinde Street property has enabled the Fund’s move to Greenwich, to a modern facility that is fitted out with the best twenty-first century

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在 1965 年巴勒斯坦探索基金百年纪念之际，豪厄尔博士选择分两个阶段讲述我们的历史。根据豪厄尔的说法，第一阶段是从我们 1865 年的基金会到第一次世界大战。正是在这一时期，“巴勒斯坦勘探的大部分基础工作已经完成，考古技术得到了改进，特别是弗林德斯·皮特里 (Flinders Petrie) 展示了陶器与遗址地层学相关的重要性。” 豪厄尔无疑是正确的，基金的第一阶段在很多方面都是黎凡特历史知识和考古学领域取得巨大进步的时期。20 世纪头 20 年世界环境的变化——主要由欧洲事件驱动——改变了巴勒斯坦勘探基金在巴勒斯坦的作用。一方面，来自巴勒斯坦其他国家的考察频率和规模都增加了，因此基金需要将其工作与这些其他项目放在一起。另一方面，一战改变了所有考古学和历史研究发生的政治格局。因此，在 1965 年，豪厄尔博士可以将 1915 年以后的时期视为“英国在巴勒斯坦考古学的第二阶段”，因此，巴勒斯坦探索基金存在的第二阶段。第二阶段见证了快速进步的技术改变考古学的性质，推动该领域的专业化，并大幅增加现场工作的成本。因此，该基金能够自己资助的实地工作要少得多，并且需要与英国和外国的其他机构合作。其中，值得一提的是 1919 年在耶路撒冷成立了英国考古学院。基金向我们在英国学院的朋友们表示祝贺，因为他们今年庆祝他们的百年诞辰。然而，该基金在这段时间里最重要的事件不是发生在巴勒斯坦，而是伦敦。1868 年至 1919 年担任该基金司库的 Walter Morrison 于 1911 年将 Hinde Street 赠予该基金。莫里森的慷慨使我们得以持续存在并以多种方式开展工作，以至于无法衡量其对基金的重要性。当他在 1965 年写道时，豪厄尔已经注意到基金组织存在的第二阶段是如何受到政治事件的显着影响的——全球性萧条、另一场世界大战以及 1947 年以来中东的政治和军事事件。有人想知道豪厄尔是否能够设想在 1960 年代结束之前会发生什么进一步的变化，或者想象接下来的 50 年会发生什么。技术已成为考古学的一个不断增加和快速发展的特征；政治从未停止塑造基金的工作；现在的研究比以往任何时候都更加国际化；成本没有减少，而且在可预见的未来也不可能减少；政府、机构和学者之间的合作对于在巴勒斯坦成功进行勘探变得越来越重要。现在，在 2019 年，巴勒斯坦勘探基金开始了我认为将是其存在的第三阶段。在这个新阶段之前，不会有明显的停顿，但我毫不怀疑，从现在开始，基金的情况会有所不同。沃尔特·莫里森 (Walter Morrison) 1911 年的礼物不断给予：出售 Hinde Street 房产使该基金能够搬到格林威治，搬到配备了 21 世纪最佳设施的现代化设施