In his first version of the New Testament of 1522, Luther had default translations for each of the principal Greek terms relating to righteousness, but departed from them in ways which reflected his theological views. For example, while his default translation of ‘δίκαιος' was ‘gerecht', he used ‘frum' or ‘recht' in contexts which refer to human goodness or lawful conduct, respectively, rather than to righteousness according to his strict conception of it. Luther thus signalled to the reader/listener, at a lexical level, theological distinctions which, outside the Bible, he could spell out explicitly. Luther repeatedly revised his New Testament translation and, when referring to righteousness, he increased the number of translations based on ‘gerecht’ (‘gerecht’, ‘gerechtigkeit’, ‘gerecht machen/werden/sein’) at the expense of those based on ‘rechtfertig’ (‘rechtfertig’, ‘rechtfertigung’, ‘rechtfertigkeit’, ‘rechtfertigen’). This occurred across different parts of speech, but was particularly marked in the translations of verb phrases meaning ‘to justify/make righteous’, where the fraction of ‘gerecht’-based translations rose from zero in 1522 to some three-quarters in 1530. The effect was to unify the language of righteousness and justification: rather than having one word-family, based on ‘gerecht’, for righteousness and another, based on ‘rechtfertig’, for justification, Luther now used ‘gerecht’ overwhelmingly for both. This was again a reflection of Luther's theological views, here emphasizing the identity between the righteousness of God and the God-given righteousness of mankind.

中文翻译：

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马丁路德新约译本中的正义词汇

在他 1522 年的新约第一版中，路德对与公义有关的每个主要希腊术语都有默认的翻译，但以反映他神学观点的方式背离了它们。例如，虽然他对“δίκαιος”的默认翻译是“gerecht”，但他在分别指人类善良或合法行为的上下文中使用了“frum”或“recht”，而不是根据他对它的严格概念的正义。因此，路德在词汇层面向读者/听众发出信号，表明他可以明确地阐明圣经之外的神学区别。路德反复修改了他的新约翻译，在提到义时，他增加了基于“gerecht”的翻译数量（“gerecht”、“gerechtigkeit”、'gerecht machen/werden/sein') 以牺牲基于 'rechtfertig' ('rechtfertig', 'rechtfertigung', 'rechtfertigkeit', 'rechtfertigen') 为代价。这发生在不同的词性中，但在动词短语的翻译中尤为明显，意思是“证明/使正义”，其中基于“gerecht”的翻译比例从 1522 年的零上升到 1530 年的四分之三。其效果是统一了正义和称义的语言：路德不再使用一个词族，基于“gerecht”表示正义，另一个词族基于“rechtfertig”表示称义，现在路德绝大多数都使用“gerecht”来表示这两者。这再次反映了路德的神学观点，强调了上帝的公义与上帝赋予人类的公义之间的同一性。