Abstract Prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, Shinto shrines and kamidana (Shinto family altars) were a fixture in the lives of Japanese immigrants and their communities in the United States. However, after Pearl Harbor, Japanese-Americans, their communities and their religion were considered a threat to national security and as a result thousands of Japanese-Americans were sent to internment camps and their religion was targeted, which at the extreme involved the destruction of Shinto shrines. As a result, the practice of Shinto in the United States survived the war as a shadow of its former self. This study examines what happened to the Shinto shrines, artifacts, and practices within the Japanese-American communities on the West Coast and Hawaii and to what extent they disappeared due to intense pressure from the stigma, hate, and misperception surrounding them. This ethnographic research has involved extensive interviews with Nisei (second-generation) Japanese-Americans who directly experienced these events and their Sansei (third-generation) children. This research found several factors that influenced the degree to which Shinto survived the war. These include the varying experiences of internment, the loss of property and dispersal of the community, experiences of stigma and discrimination, and the integration of Shinto-based rituals and community events into Buddhist practices.

中文翻译：

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二战期间夏威夷和西海岸神社的破坏：珍珠港事件和日裔美国人拘留的挥之不去的影响

摘要 在珍珠港袭击之前，神社和 kamidana（神道家族祭坛）是日本移民及其在美国社区生活中的固定场所。然而，珍珠港事件之后，日裔美国人、他们的社区和他们的宗教被认为是对国家安全的威胁，结果成千上万的日裔美国人被送到拘留营，他们的宗教成为目标，极端情况下包括破坏神社。结果，美国的神道教实践在战争中幸存下来，成为其昔日自我的影子。这项研究调查了西海岸和夏威夷日裔美国人社区内的神社、文物和习俗发生了什么，以及由于耻辱、仇恨、以及对他们的误解。这项民族志研究涉及对直接经历这些事件的 Nisei（第二代）日裔美国人及其 Sansei（第三代）子女的广泛采访。这项研究发现了几个影响神道教在战争中幸存程度的因素。这些包括不同的拘禁经历、财产损失和社区分散、污名和歧视的经历，以及将基于神道教的仪式和社区活动融入佛教实践。这项研究发现了几个影响神道教在战争中幸存程度的因素。这些包括不同的拘留经历、财产损失和社区分散、污名和歧视的经历，以及将基于神道教的仪式和社区活动融入佛教实践。这项研究发现了几个影响神道教在战争中幸存程度的因素。这些包括不同的拘禁经历、财产损失和社区分散、污名和歧视的经历，以及将基于神道教的仪式和社区活动融入佛教实践。