ABSTRACT

The notion of the unconscious resulted in a reversal of optics concerning the evidence of consciousness, and the split which Freud created in the analysis of mental activities elicited many reactions. Some French writers attempted to develop concepts with the ambition of competing with the unconscious. We are interested here in the notion of implex that Valéry elaborated in L’Idée fixe (1932) in order to attack the idea of the unconscious, and which Merleau-Ponty developed, notably in his courses at the Collège de France in 1953. With this notion, Valéry and Merleau-Ponty criticize the Freudian conception of the unconscious, which encourages us to consider the consciousness as a complete liar. But, in spite of their concern to preserve the certainty acquired by consciousness, both are driven to deepen the thoughtless foundation of thought, presumably to respond to the impact of the Freudian unconscious. This attempt is clearly manifested in Valéry’s reflections on the body, and in Merleau-Ponty’s on the notion of implex. The body at once external and internal to the ego, imaginary and real, and the very condition of rational thought according to Valéry, can play the role of the unconscious in mental activities. We would like to follow the sinuous path that reveals the body as the form of the unconscious, by first examining the notion of implex and then Valéry’s reflections on the body, before tackling Merleau-Ponty’s attempts to employ in his own way Freud’s observations on the traces of the trauma.

摘要

无意识的观念导致了关于意识证据的光学的逆转，弗洛伊德在对精神活动的分析中造成的分裂引起了许多反应。一些法国作家试图与无意识竞争的野心来发展观念。我们对Valéry在L'Idéefixe中阐述的implex概念感兴趣（1932）为了攻击无意识的思想，梅洛-庞蒂在1953年的法国学院（Collègede France）的课程中特别提出了这一观点。瓦莱里和梅洛-庞蒂用这一概念来批评弗洛伊德的无意识概念，鼓励我们将意识视为完整的说谎者。但是，尽管他们都关注维护意识所获得的确定性，但两者都被驱使加深了思想的思想基础，大概是为了应对弗洛伊德无意识的影响。瓦莱里对身体的思考和梅洛-庞蒂的“单身”概念都清楚地表明了这一尝试。根据瓦雷里的观点，身体既是外在的，又是内在的，是虚构的和真实的，而且是理性思维的条件，可以在精神活动中发挥潜意识的作用。