ABSTRACT

The foundations of psychoanalysis in the German idealist concepts of the reflexive human self have been the subject of detailed investigations devoted to the intertwined processes of introspection, consciousness, and the unconscious. Much less consideration has been given to the contemporary French spiritualist philosopher Maine de Biran (1766–1824), whose physiologically-oriented philosophical psychology was (partially) known in its essence by some of the founding thinkers of psycho-analysis. According to Biran’s explicitly anti-Cartesian notion of individual identity, consciousness is constitutively generated through voluntary corporeal effort—by the resistance implied in the act of (ap)perception. Biran’s shift from an empiricist and sensualist outward perception to a spiritualist introspection (sens intime) marks the turn from Enlightenment to Romanticism. In his chef d’oeuvre, the Essai sur les fondements de la psychologie (1811–ca. 1813), he distinguishes four concentrically layered, heterogeneous spheres or systems of consciousness. At its core is the instinctively motivated système affectif (shared by both animals and humans), followed by the système sensitif that is still subordinated to affections, albeit interconnected with consciousness. The système perceptif involves the tactile and visual senses of attention, while the outer système réflexif of communication via cultural signage is critically interconnected with terminology-based experimental sciences. Departing from Biran’s crucial transformation of Leibniz’s term “petites perceptions” (1704/1714) to “impressions affectives” (1807), this article examines the functioning of the affective unconscious, as analyzed in Biran’s diary, his first treatise (1799-1802), and a speech on obscure perception (1807), delivered during sessions of the Société Médicale de Bergerac.

摘要

自反人类自我的德国唯心主义观念中的精神分析基础已经成为对内省，意识和无意识的交织过程进行详细研究的主题。对当代法国唯灵论者哲学家缅因·德·比兰（Maine de Biran，1766–1824）的关注较少，他的一些生理学导向的思想家（部分地）从本质上了解了以生理为导向的哲学心理学。根据比兰（Biran）明确反对个人身份的笛卡尔式观念，意识是通过自愿的有形努力而构成性地产生的，这种努力是由（感知）行为所隐含的抵抗力产生的。Biran从经验主义者和感性主义者的外在感知转变为精神主义内省（sens intime）标志着从启蒙运动向浪漫主义的转变。在他的名曲，在Essai河畔莱fondements德拉psychologie（1811-CA 1813），他区分4同心分层，异质球体或意识的系统。其核心是本能的系统情感（动物和人类共同拥有），其次是对系统敏感的情感，尽管它与意识相互关联，但仍然属于情感。所述SYSTEME perceptif涉及触觉和关注的视觉感官，而外SYSTEMEréflexif通过文化标牌进行交流的过程与基于术语的实验科学紧密相连。从比兰对莱布尼兹的术语“娇小知觉”（1704/1714）到“印象情感”（1807）的重要转变出发，本文考察了比兰的日记（他的第一篇论文（1799-1802））中分析的无意识的情感功能。以及在贝尔热拉克社会学院（SociétéMédicalede Bergerac）会议上发表的关于晦涩感的演讲（1807）。