ABSTRACT The category of hibakusha was not created directly by the US act of dropping two atomic bombs, but the Atomic Bomb Medical Act of 1957 first officially defined the category. The legal definition adopted biomedical standards created by early scientific damage surveys, especially under the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission research programs during the Japanese Occupation. Local doctors and officials in Hiroshima adopted the same standards to conduct surveys after the Occupation to facilitate state assistance for the survivors. The Japanese government changed its policy against assisting civilian war victims and instituted the Medical Law, partly due to local efforts in the bombed cities and increased public support for survivors after the ‘Lucky Dragon Incident’. What ultimately convinced the government to change its policy, however, was its recognition of the need for protective measures against the risk of exposure to radioactive materials, not only from nuclear tests but also from the future use of atomic energy in Japan. The category of hibakusha was constructed in the context of early postwar Japan and the beginning of the atomic age, and therefore, had implications for issues of war redress and Cold War politics.

中文翻译：

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作为幸存者的科学和政治分类的“Hibakusha”的起源

摘要 被爆者的类别并不是由美国投下两颗原子弹的行为直接创建的，而是 1957 年的原子弹医疗法案首次正式定义了该类别。法律定义采用了早期科学损害调查制定的生物医学标准，特别是在日本占领期间原子弹伤亡委员会的研究计划下。广岛的当地医生和官员在占领后采用相同的标准进行调查，以促进国家对幸存者的援助。日本政府改变了反对援助平民战争受害者的政策并制定了医疗法，部分原因是当地在被炸城市的努力以及“幸运龙事件”后公众对幸存者的支持增加。然而，最终说服政府改变政策的是，是它认识到需要采取保护措施以防止暴露于放射性物质的风险，不仅来自核试验，而且来自日本未来使用原子能的风险。被爆者的范畴是在战后日本早期和原子时代开始的背景下构建的，因此对战争救济和冷战政治问题具有影响。