ABSTRACT As modernization has become globally valued, the topic of gender equality as a human right has been taken up across the world. In a simultaneously individual and national-level analysis, we sought links between citizens’ views on gender equality and their social and economic conditions, as well as relationships with factors concerning religion. With data generated from the World Values Survey-Wave 6, and from the UIS database maintained by the UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, we analyzed a sample of 68,633 respondents from 53 countries. Results supported our hypothesis that positive views of gender equality are associated with modernized, non-Islamic civilizations whose upper social classes endorse gender equality, and which feature strong income, higher levels of employment, and less religiosity at the individual level. Our study also showed moderating roles being played by modernization and Islamic civilization in the relationship between religiosity and gender-equality attitudes. Our results call into question modernization theory's claim for a linear path between modernization and widespread gender equality over time. The results further indicate a need to analyze how nonuniformly modernized countries, divergent with regard to their citizens’ religiosity, might achieve gender equality.

中文翻译：

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破碎的现代化：性别平等态度的文化和结构预测因素

摘要 随着现代化在全球范围内受到重视，性别平等作为一项人权的话题已在世界范围内展开。在同时进行个人和国家层面的分析中，我们寻求公民对性别平等的看法与其社会和经济状况之间的联系，以及与宗教相关因素的关系。使用世界价值观调查第 6 波和联合国教育、科学和文化组织维护的 UIS 数据库生成的数据，我们分析了来自 53 个国家/地区的 68,633 名受访者的样本。结果支持了我们的假设，即对性别平等的积极看法与现代化的非伊斯兰文明有关，这些文明的上层社会阶层支持性别平等，具有收入高、就业水平高、个人层面的宗教信仰较少。我们的研究还表明，现代化和伊斯兰文明在宗教信仰和性别平等态度之间的关系中发挥着调节作用。我们的结果对现代化理论声称的现代化与广泛的性别平等之间的线性路径提出了质疑。结果进一步表明，有必要分析在公民宗教信仰方面存在分歧的非统一现代化国家如何实现性别平等。