We present sphere-on-ice friction experiments as a function of temperature, contact pressure, and speed. At temperatures well below the melting point, friction is strongly temperature dependent and follows an Arrhenius behavior, which we interpret as resulting from the thermally activated diffusive motion of surface ice molecules. We find that this motion is hindered when the contact pressure is increased; in this case, the friction increases exponentially, and the slipperiness of the ice disappears. Close to the melting point, the ice surface is plastically deformed due to the pressure exerted by the slider, a process depending on the slider geometry and penetration hardness of the ice. The ice penetration hardness is shown to increase approximately linearly with decreasing temperature and sublinearly with indentation speed. We show that the latter results in a nonmonotonic dependence of the ploughing force on sliding speed. Our results thus clarify the complex dependence of ice friction on temperature, contact pressure, and speed.

中文翻译：

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冰上的摩擦：温度，压力和速度如何控制冰的滑爽性

我们介绍了冰球摩擦实验作为温度，接触压力和速度的函数。在远低于熔点的温度下，摩擦力与温度密切相关，并遵循Arrhenius行为，我们将其解释为表面冰分子的热活化扩散运动造成的。我们发现，当接触压力增加时，该运动受到阻碍。在这种情况下，摩擦指数增加，冰的滑性消失。接近熔点时，冰表面由于滑块所施加的压力而发生塑性变形，该过程取决于滑块的几何形状和冰的穿透硬度。示出的冰渗透硬度随着温度降低近似线性增加，而随着压痕速度近似线性降低。我们表明，后者导致耕作力对滑动速度的非单调依赖性。因此，我们的结果阐明了冰摩擦对温度，接触压力和速度的复杂依赖性。