ABSTRACT

In Croatia, the war of symbols and the rise of hate speech has been manifested most prominently through Za dom spremni (“Ready for the Homeland”); the official salute of the WWII fascist quisling-state the Independent State of Croatia. The case that triggered a broad public dispute occurred in November 2016, when a memorial plaque containing the inscribed salute was installed near the WWII concentration camp Jasenovac by radical right-wing politicians and war veterans. As a consequence of being intertwined with the controversial legacy of WWII and the 1990s Croatian War of Independence, the salute on the plaque gave rise to an enclosed meaning-making sphere characterized by the invocation of existing cultural texts and the creation of new ones, the reinforcement of the us-them boundary, and the strengthening of existing taboos. In line with the abovementioned, the overarching aim of the study is to place the Croatian WWII Ustaša salute into a broader theoretical meaning-making framework while demonstrating the importance of cultural functions of the salute and nationalistically fueled hate speech more widely.

摘要

在克罗地亚，象征战争和仇恨言论的兴起通过Za dom spremni（“为祖国做好准备”）得到了最突出的体现；二战法西斯卖国贼克罗地亚独立国的官方敬礼。这起引发广泛公众争议的案件发生在2016年11月，当时激进右翼政客和退伍军人在二战亚塞诺瓦茨集中营附近竖起了一块刻有敬礼的纪念牌。由于与二战和 1990 年代克罗地亚独立战争的争议遗产交织在一起，牌匾上的致敬产生了一个封闭的意义创造领域，其特点是援引现有的文化文本和创造新的文化文本，加强美国——他们边界，并加强现有的禁忌。与上述一致，该研究的总体目标是将克罗地亚二战乌斯塔沙敬礼置于更广泛的理论意义构建框架中，同时更广泛地展示敬礼文化功能和民族主义煽动的仇恨言论的重要性。