The impact of human milk (HM) feeding compared with cow’s milk formula (MF) feeding on small intestinal and circulatory metabolome patterns has not been fully investigated. Therefore, 2-day-old male piglets were fed HM or MF (n = 26/group) from postnatal day 2 (PND 2) through 21 and were weaned to a solid diet until PND 51. The small intestine (gastrointestinal [GI]) contents, serum, and urine were collected from subsets of piglets at PND 21 and PND 51. Samples were subjected to primary metabolomics analyses at the West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis. The metabolome data assessment and the statistical analyses were performed with MetaboAnalyst software. Compared with MF feeding, at PND 21, HM feeding resulted in a higher abundance of fucose in the jejunum and urine and a greater concentration of myo-inositol in serum. In HM-fed piglets, 1,5-anhydroglucitol was higher in the duodenum, serum, and urine at PND 21. Additionally, the HM group had higher levels of urinary kynurenic acid at PND 21. Correlations between bacterial genera and altered metabolites in ileum revealed that Turicibacter sp. and Campylobacter sp. were positively correlated with maltotriose and panose at PND 21, while ileal Campylobacter sp. was negatively correlated with fumaric acid. At PND 51, no significant metabolites were identified between HM and MF diet groups. The metabolites associated with the neonatal diets may serve as the substrates and signals that contribute to the physiological effects in HM and MF during infancy, with a subset reflecting diet-associated differences in microbial metabolism and ecology.

中文翻译：

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与配方奶喂养的仔猪相比，母乳喂养的仔猪具有不同的小肠和循环代谢组谱

母乳 (HM) 喂养与牛奶配方 (MF) 喂养相比对小肠和循环代谢组模式的影响尚未得到充分研究。因此，对 2 日龄雄性仔猪饲喂 HM 或 MF ( n= 26/组）从出生后第 2 天 (PND 2) 到第 21 天，断奶到固体饮食直到 PND 51。从 PND 21 的仔猪子集收集小肠（胃肠道 [GI]）内容物、血清和尿液和 PND 51。在加州大学戴维斯分校的西海岸代谢组学中心对样品进行初级代谢组学分析。代谢组数据评估和统计分析使用 MetaboAnalyst 软件进行。与 MF 喂养相比，在 PND 21 时，HM 喂养导致空肠和尿液中岩藻糖的丰度更高，血清中肌醇的浓度更高。在 HM 喂养的仔猪中，1,5-脱水葡萄糖醇在 PND 21 时十二指​​肠、血清和尿液中的含量更高。此外，HM 组在 PND 21 时具有更高水平的尿犬尿氨酸。Turicibacter sp. 和弯曲杆菌属。在 PND 21 时与麦芽三糖和潘糖呈正相关，而回肠弯曲杆菌属。与富马酸呈负相关。在 PND 51 时，在 HM 和 MF 饮食组之间没有发现显着的代谢物。与新生儿饮食相关的代谢物可作为影响婴儿期 HM 和 MF 生理效应的底物和信号，其中一个子集反映了饮食相关的微生物代谢和生态差异。