Sexual dimorphism in plants may emerge as a result of sex‐specific selection on traits enhancing access to nutritive resources and/or to sexual partners. Here we investigated sex‐specific differences in selection of sexually dimorphic traits and in the spatial distribution of effective fecundity (our fitness proxy) in a highly dimorphic dioecious wind‐pollinated shrub, Leucadendron rubrum. In particular, we tested for the effect of density on male and female effective fecundity. We used spatial and genotypic data of parent and offspring cohorts to jointly estimate individual male and female effective fecundity on the one hand and pollen and seed dispersal kernels on the other hand. This methodology was adapted to the case of dioecious species. Explicitly modelling dispersal avoids the confounding effects of heterogeneous spatial distribution of mates and sampled seedlings on the estimation of effective fecundity. We also estimated selection gradients on plant traits while modelling sex‐specific spatial autocorrelation in fecundity. Males exhibited spatial autocorrelation in effective fecundity at a smaller scale than females. A higher local density of plants was associated with lower effective fecundity in males but was not related to female effective fecundity. These results suggest sex‐specific sensitivities to environmental heterogeneity in L. rubrum. Despite these sexual differences, we found directional selection for wider canopies and smaller leaves in both sexes, and no sexually antagonistic selection on strongly dimorphic traits in L. rubrum. Many empirical studies in animals similarly failed to detect sexually antagonistic selection in species expressing strong sexual dimorphism, and we discuss reasons explaining this common pattern.

中文翻译：

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高度双态的七叶锦葵在健身中的性别特异性空间变异

对性状进行性别特定选择后，植物中的性二态性可能出现，从而增加了对营养资源和/或性伴侣的获取。在这里，我们研究了在高度双态雌雄异体的风铃灌木Leucadendron rubrum中，在选择性双态性状和有效繁殖力（我们的适应性指标）的空间分布方面的性别差异。。特别是，我们测试了密度对雄性和雌性有效繁殖力的影响。我们一方面利用父母和后代队列的空间和基因型数据，一方面共同估计男性和女性的有效繁殖力，另一方面共同估计花粉和种子的传播粒数。该方法适用于雌雄异体的物种。显式建模的分散避免了交配和采样幼苗的异质空间分布对有效繁殖力估计的混杂影响。我们还对植物性状的性别特定空间自相关建模时，估计了植物性状的选择梯度。雄性以比雌性小的规模显示了有效繁殖力的空间自相关。男性较高的植物局部密度与较低的有效繁殖力有关，但与女性有效的繁殖力无关。这些结果表明，性别对环境异质性的敏感性卢氏乳杆菌。尽管存在这些性别差异，但我们发现在两性中都针对较宽的树冠和较小的叶子进行了定向选择，而对卢氏乳杆菌的强二态性状没有进行性拮抗选择。在动物中进行的许多实证研究同样未能检测到表达强烈性二态性的物种的性拮抗选择，我们讨论了解释这种常见模式的原因。