Biofuel cells (BFCs) are energy conversion devices using biocatalysts to convert biochemical energy into electric energy. According to different catalysts, they can be divided into microbial fuel cells (MBFCs), enzyme biofuel cells (EBFCs), organelle biofuel cells (OBFCs), and photocatalytic fuel cells (PFCs). Compared with traditional fuel cells, EBFCs can provide sustainable energy under mild conditions such as physiological temperatures and near-neutral media, which have attracted extensive attention in the field of medical implants, drug pumps, biosensors and other devices. Enzyme load capacity and electron transfer rate are the key issues affecting the performance of EBFCs. Immobilization of enzyme on conductive materials with high specific surface area and good biocompatibility can effectively solve the bottleneck problems of EBFCs in actual applications such as low power density and short service life. This paper summarizes common biological enzymes of EBFCs and their immobilization methods, and emphasizes the breakthrough of nanomaterials, such as carbon nanomaterials, metal nanomaterials and composites in the fields of EBFCs. In addition, the application, challenges, and prospects of the EBFCs in the future development direction are also proposed.

生物燃料电池（BFC）是使用生物催化剂将生物化学能转化为电能的能量转换设备。根据不同的催化剂，它们可分为微生物燃料电池（MBFC），酶生物燃料电池（EBFC），细胞器生物燃料电池（OBFC）和光催化燃料电池（PFC）。与传统的燃料电池相比，EBFC在温和的条件下（例如生理温度和接近中性的介质）可以提供可持续的能源，这在医疗植入物，药物泵，生物传感器和其他设备领域引起了广泛的关注。酶的负载能力和电子传递速率是影响EBFC性能的关键问题。将酶固定在具有高比表面积和良好生物相容性的导电材料上可以有效解决EBFC在实际应用中的瓶颈问题，例如低功率密度和短使用寿命。本文概述了EBFC的常见生物酶及其固定方法，并着重介绍了EBFC领域中纳米材料的突破，例如碳纳米材料，金属纳米材料和复合材料。此外，还提出了EBFC在未来发展方向上的应用，挑战和前景。EBFC领域的金属纳米材料和复合材料。此外，还提出了EBFC在未来发展方向上的应用，挑战和前景。EBFC领域的金属纳米材料和复合材料。此外，还提出了EBFC在未来发展方向上的应用，挑战和前景。