Cities are beacons of opportunity. A growing proportion of the global population is urban, as people are drawn to the jobs, services and amenities concentrated in towns and cities. In 1950, just 29.6% of people lived in cities; today, the share has risen to 56.2%%. By 2050, it will be 68.4% (UN DESA 2018). Particularly in the global South, these numbers translate into a profound reconfiguration of national economies and societies. Human and economic development is increasingly subject to the performance of cities. By many metrics, towns and cities are failing. Nearly a billion people worldwide – one in four urban residents – live in so-called ‘slums’, where they do not have access to decent housing with improved water and improved sanitation (UN Habitat 2016). This figure likely underestimates the scale of urban poverty: hundreds of millions more city dwellers do not have secure tenure or safe, reliable, affordable drinking water, sanitation and electricity (Mitlin and Satterthwaite 2013). Urban areas of all sizes and at all levels of income are grappling with rising inequality, which – in the context of competition for well-located urban land – drives the displacement of low-income urban residents either rapidly (through forced evictions) or gradually (through gentrification) (Lombard and Rakodi 2016; Soederberg and Walks 2018; Rodríguez-Pose and Storper 2019). Rising levels of urban poverty and inequality pose an immense challenge to planners, financiers and public administrators. There is clearly a need to radically re-think these disciplines in order to meet the needs of existing and future urban populations. In response to these deep development deficits, there is a growing body of research and practice focused on more inclusive and equitable approaches to spatial planning, land governance, municipal finance and infrastructure investment (for example, see case studies in: Martine et al. 2008; Watson 2009; Swilling 2010; Parnell and Pieterse 2014; Cabannes 2015; Boonyabancha and Kerr 2018; Mitlin et al. 2018). Much more needs to be done to refine, adapt and scale these innovative approaches, but they offer hope for different forms of urban development that can realise the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and New Urban Agenda (NUA). Yet cities face a further challenge: a climate emergency. With current climate policies and commitments, global temperatures are projected to increase by around 3°C. However, the recent special report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Global Warming of 1.5°C (IPCC 2018), shows the catastrophic consequences of global warming of even 2°C above preindustrial levels, including ecosystem collapse, widespread water and food scarcity, and extreme weather events such as flooding, heat waves and storm surge. Already, cities from Cape Town to Chennai are facing chronic water shortages, while cities from Melbourne to Mumbai are struggling with extreme high temperatures. It is therefore imperative to hold the average global temperature increase to no more than 1.5°C. This will require system change at an unprecedented pace and scale: global carbon dioxide emissions must halve by 2030 compared to 2010 levels and reach net-zero by around 2050 (Bazaz et al. 2018). Failure to achieve these targets will erode the development gains of recent decades and make it even harder to eradicate poverty and reduce inequalities. Even in the unlikely event that these targets are realised, human economies and societies will still experience an average temperature increase of 1.5°C and urban centres must be prepared for more frequent and severe climate-related hazards. The central importance of cities for human wellbeing and climate safety are now explicitly recognised in international instruments including the eleventh Sustainable Development Goal, the Paris Agreement and the New Urban Agenda. The IPCC special report on 1.5°C in particular identifies urban and infrastructure systems as one of four key systems that needs to reach net-zero emissions by mid-century, alongside energy, land use and industrial systems (de Coninck et al. 2018). Today, cities INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2019, VOL. 11, NO. 3, 237–244 https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2019.1673529

中文翻译：

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气候危机下的城市发展规划和融资

城市是机遇的灯塔。随着人们被集中在城镇中的工作，服务和设施吸引，城市人口占全球人口的比例越来越高。在1950年，只有29.6％的人口居住在城市。如今，这一份额已上升到56.2 %%。到2050年，这一比例将达到68.4％（联合国经社部2018年）。尤其是在全球南方，这些数字转化为国民经济和社会的深刻重组。人类和经济发展越来越受城市绩效的影响。从许多指标来看，城镇正在失败。全世界将近十亿人，即四分之一的城市居民，生活在所谓的“贫民窟”中，在那里他们无法获得水质和卫生条件得到改善的体面住房（联合国人居署，2016年）。这个数字可能低估了城市贫困的规模：数以亿计的城市居民没有安全的任期或安全，可靠，负担得起的饮用水，卫生设施和电力（Mitlin and Satterthwaite 2013）。各种规模和收入水平的城市地区都在与日益严重的不平等作斗争，这在争夺位置优越的城市土地的背景下，迅速（通过强迫迁离）或逐渐推动了低收入城市居民的流离失所（ （隆巴德和拉科迪（Lombard and Rakodi）2016;索德伯格和沃克斯（Soederberg and Walks）2018;罗德里格斯·波塞（Rodriíguez-Pose）和斯托珀（Storper）2019）。日益严重的城市贫困和不平等状况给规划者，金融家和公共管理者带来了巨大的挑战。显然有必要从根本上重新考虑这些学科，以满足现有和未来城市人口的需求。为了应对这些严重的发展缺陷，越来越多的研究和实践致力于空间规划，土地治理，市政金融和基础设施投资的更具包容性和公平性的方法（例如，参见案例研究：Martine等，2008； Watson，2009； Swilling，2010； Parnell）。和Pieterse 2014; Cabannes 2015; Boonyabancha and Kerr 2018; Mitlin等人2018）。还需要做更多的工作来完善，适应和扩展这些创新方法，但是它们为实现可持续发展目标（SDG）和新城市议程（NUA）的不同形式的城市发展提供了希望。然而，城市面临着进一步的挑战：气候紧急情况。根据当前的气候政策和承诺，预计全球温度将上升3°C左右。但是，政府间气候变化专门委员会最近的特别报告，1.5°C的全球变暖（IPCC 2018）表明，甚至比工业化前水平高2°C的全球变暖所带来的灾难性后果，包括生态系统崩溃，广泛的水和食物短缺以及洪水​​，热浪和风暴潮等极端天气事件。从开普敦到金奈的城市已经面临长期的水资源短缺，而从墨尔本到孟买的城市都在极端高温下挣扎。因此，必须使全球平均温度升高不超过1.5°C。这将需要以前所未有的速度和规模来改变系统：到2030年，全球二氧化碳排放量必须与2010年的水平相比减少一半，到2050年达到净零排放（Bazaz等人，2018年）。未能实现这些目标将侵蚀最近几十年的发展成果，并使消除贫困和减少不平等现象变得更加困难。即使在极少数情况下实现了这些目标，人类经济和社会仍将经历平均温度升高1.5°C的情况，并且必须为更加频繁和严重的气候相关危害做好准备的城市中心。现在，包括第十一个可持续发展目标，《巴黎协定》和《新城市议程》在内的国际文书都明确承认了城市对于人类福祉和气候安全的中心重要性。IPCC关于1.5°C的特别报告特别指出，城市和基础设施系统是四大关键系统之一，需要在本世纪中叶之前实现净零排放以及能源，土地利用和工业系统（de Coninck等人，2018）。今天，城市国际城市可持续发展杂志2019，VOL。11号 3，237–244 https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2019.1673529