Presenting a comprehensive measurement instrument of 12 statements expressing resentments toward Americans and America, this study shows that anti-Americanism can be conceptualized as a robust and stable attitude transcending everyday politics. In a test-retest design applied in Germany in 2011 and 2012, we found a fair to moderate temporal stability of anti-American attitudes. Furthermore, we tested for consistency of potential correlates of anti-Americanism—anomia, globalization critique, and capitalism critique—and gained slightly different estimates when comparing multiple regression models of both years. Yet, further analysis suggests that those differences are not due to changes in anti-American attitudes but to the temporal instability of their correlates. Taken together, our study indicates that simple measurement instruments of anti-Americanism, as used in many previous studies, might be more prone to “everyday politics measurement errors” than multi-item measurements.

中文翻译：

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随着时间的推移，反美态度的稳定性如何？在德国进行的重测研究，包括衡量对美国和美国人的厌恶程度的十二个陈述

这项研究展示了一个综合衡量工具，包含 12 项表达对美国人和美国不满的陈述，表明反美主义可以被概念化为一种超越日常政治的稳健和稳定的态度。在 2011 年和 2012 年在德国应用的重测设计中，我们发现反美态度具有公平到中等的时间稳定性。此外，我们测试了反美主义潜在相关因素的一致性——失范、全球化批判和资本主义批判——并在比较这两年的多元回归模型时获得了略有不同的估计。然而，进一步的分析表明，这些差异不是由于反美态度的变化，而是由于其相关性的时间不稳定性。综合起来，