Abstract “Dualism” in the structure of production across sectors of the U.S. economy, employment by sector, productivity levels and growth, real wages, and intersectoral terms of trade increased markedly between1990 and 2016. The discussion focuses on 16 sectors. Seven were “stagnant”—construction, education and health, other services, entertainment, accommodation and food, business services, and transportation and warehousing. They had low productivity levels, productivity growth rates hovering around zero, and low real wages. Their share of total employment rose from 47% in 1990 to 61% in 2016. The other “dynamic” sectors had higher and positively growing productivity while the terms of trade shifted against them. This bifurcation between industries is discussed in terms of a simple model. Increasing duality and secular stagnation are distinct possibilities.

中文翻译：

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逐底竞争：低生产力、市场力量和滞后的工资

摘要 1990 年至 2016 年间，美国经济各部门生产结构、部门就业、生产率水平和增长、实际工资和部门间贸易条件的“二元论”显着增加。讨论集中在 16 个部门。七个“停滞不前”——建筑、教育和卫生、其他服务、娱乐、住宿和食品、商业服务以及交通和仓储。他们的生产率水平低，生产率增长率徘徊在零附近，实际工资低。它们在总就业中的份额从 1990 年的 47% 上升到 2016 年的 61%。其他“充满活力”的部门的生产率更高，而且正在积极增长，而贸易条件却对它们不利。行业之间的这种分歧是根据一个简单的模型来讨论的。