Understanding the effects of landscape positions on soil physicochemical properties is crucial for improving the soil productivity and to ensure the environmental sustainability. Three land use types forest land, grazing land and cultivated land all within upper, middle and lower landscape positions were selected to determine the effects of landscape positions, land use types and their interaction effects on soil physicochemical properties. Twenty seven soil samples were collected from lower landscape, middle landscape and upper landscape positions at the depth of 0–20 cm in nine replications. In addition, undisturbed soil samples were taken using core sampler from each land use type under upper, middle and lower landscape positions for the ascertainment of bulk density and water retentive capacity. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine variations in soil parameters among landscape positions and land use types. A Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) analysis was conducted to determine the influence of independent (fixed) factors, on the soil properties (response variables). Treatment means comparison was determined using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 0.05 level of significances. The result indicated that among the soil properties sand (p < 0.001), silt (p < 0.001), clay (p < 0.001), bulk density (p < 0.01), water holding capacity at FC (p < 0.001), water retention at PWP (p < 0.01), Available water content (AWC) (p < 0.01), soil reaction (pH) (p < 0.05), Soil organic carbon (SOC%) (p < 0.01), Total nitrogen (TN%) (p < 0.01), available phosphorus (p < 0.05) and CEC (p < 0.001) have shown a significant variation among the landscape categories. Similarly, variation of sand (p < 0.001), silt (p < 0.001), clay (p < 0.001), bulk density (p < 0.01), water holding capacity at FC (p < 0.001), water retention at PWP (p < 0.001), Available water content (AWC) (p < 0.01), soil reaction (pH) (p < 0.01), SOC (p < 0.01), TN (p < 0.001) available phosphorus (AP) (p < 0.001) and CEC (p < 0.001) were also statistically significant among the land use types. Moreover, lower landscape position and forest land had high mean value of SOC, TN, AP, CEC, EB (exchangeable bases), and available micronutrients, whereas upper landscape position and intensively cultivated land had low mean value of SOC, TN, AP, CEC, EB (exchangeable bases), and available micronutrients. Landscape positions, land use types and interaction effects of landscape position and land use types (LSP * LU) significantly affected soil properties. Soil with best quality was found in lower landscape position and forest land, while less quality of soil was found in upper landscape position and cultivated land. Thus, efforts should be made to improve the quality of soil under upper landscape position and cultivated land using biological and physical soil conservation measures.

中文翻译：

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埃塞俄比亚中部南部申科拉流域景观位置对土壤理化性质的影响

了解景观位置对土壤理化特性的影响对于提高土壤生产力和确保环境可持续性至关重要。分别选择景观上部，中部和下部的三种土地利用类型的林地，放牧地和耕地，以确定景观位置，土地利用类型及其相互作用对土壤理化性质的影响。从低景观，中景观和高景观位置在0–20 cm的深度收集了27个土壤样品，共进行了9次重复。此外，使用岩心取样器从上部，中部和下部景观位置的每种土地利用类型中采集未扰动的土壤样品，以确定堆密度和保水能力。应用方差分析（ANOVA）确定景观位置和土地利用类型之间土壤参数的变化。进行了广义线性模型（GLM）分析，以确定独立（固定）因素对土壤特性（响应变量）的影响。使用最低显着性差异（LSD）在0.05的显着性水平下确定治疗方法的比较。结果表明，在土壤特性中，沙子（p <0.001），淤泥（p <0.001），粘土（p <0.001），容重（p <0.01），FC持水量（p <0.001），保水率在PWP（p <0.01），有效水分（AWC）（p <0.01），土壤反应（pH）（p <0.05），土壤有机碳（SOC％）（p <0.01），总氮（TN％）下（p <0.01），有效磷（p <0.05）和CEC（p <0。001）显示了景观类别之间的显着差异。同样，沙粒（p <0.001），淤泥（p <0.001），粘土（p <0.001），堆积密度（p <0.01），FC持水量（p <0.001），PWP持水量（p <0.001），可用水分（AWC）（p <0.01），土壤反应（pH）（p <0.01），SOC（p <0.01），TN（p <0.001）有效磷（AP）（p <0.001）和CEC（p <0.001）在土地利用类型中也具有统计学意义。此外，较低的景观位置和林地的SOC，TN，AP，CEC，EB（可交换碱）和可利用的微量营养素均值较高，而较高景观位置和集约耕地的SOC，TN，AP， CEC，EB（可交换碱）和可用的微量营养素。景观位置，土地利用类型以及景观位置和土地利用类型（LSP * LU）的相互作用影响显着影响土壤性质。在较低的景观位置和林地中发现质量最好的土壤，而在较高的景观位置和耕地中发现质量较低的土壤。因此，应努力采取生物和物理措施保护土壤，以提高景观上部位置和耕地的土壤质量。