Environmental factors (e.g., temperature and pH) shaping the distribution of microbial communities in hot springs have been extensively studied, whereas how hydrochemical formation mechanisms and hydrological circulation processes affect microbial community composition is not comprehensively elucidated. In the present study, hydrochemical, isotopic, and high‐throughput sequencing methods were employed to investigate hydrochemical characteristics and evolution of springwater as well as their underlying roles in shaping the microbial community in multiple acidic and alkaline hot springs in southwestern Yunnan, China. Distinct hydrochemical (e.g., pH, temperature, sulfate, SiO₂, and trace metals) and isotopic (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) characteristics revealed the recharge sources and circulation processes of springwater were different in alkaline, high‐temperature and acidic, moderate‐temperature hot springs. Two acidic, moderate‐temperature springs (43°C–55°C), characterized by high sulfate, showed shallow circulation depths and were potentially heated by upwelling hot, high H₂S abundance gases, and sulfur oxidation might be one of the main underlying hydrochemical processes. Seven alkaline, high‐temperature springs (>70°C), in contrast, which originated from a different recharge source as indicated by the lighter isotopic compositions (δ²H and δ¹⁸O), showed characteristics of deeper circulation. Hydrogenobacter sp. is the most abundant microorganism in alkaline, high‐temperature springs, whereas acidic, moderate‐temperature springs are mainly composed of Chlorobiaceae, Thiomonas sp., Halothiobacillus sp., Sulfurihydrogenibium sp., and Hydrogenobaculum sp. which have been reported to possess the potentials to cycle sulfur. The hydrochemical constraints on shaping microbial communities may help us better understand biogeochemical cycles across a range of temperatures in acidic and alkaline springs.

中文翻译：

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水文地球化学约束物塑造温泉微生物群落组成：云南西南地热地区酸性，中温温泉和碱性，高温温泉的证据

已经广泛研究了影响温泉中微生物群落分布的环境因素（例如温度和pH值），但尚未全面阐明水化学形成机制和水文循环过程如何影响微生物群落组成。在本研究中，采用水化学，同位素和高通量测序方法研究云南西南部多个酸性和碱性温泉中泉水的水化学特征和演化及其在塑造微生物群落中的潜在作用。不同水化学（例如，pH，温度，硫酸盐，二氧化硅₂，和痕量金属）和同位素（δ ² H和δ ¹⁸O）特征表明，在碱性，高温和酸性，中温温泉中，泉水的补给来源和循环过程是不同的。两个酸性中等温度的泉水（43°C–55°C），以硫酸盐含量高为特征，显示出较浅的循环深度，并可能因上升的高温H ₂ S丰度气体上升而被加热，硫的氧化可能是主要的原因之一。基础的水化学过程。七成碱性，高温弹簧（> 70℃），与此相反，它源于不同的源补给由较轻同位素组成所指示（δ ² H和δ ¹⁸ O），更深的循环显示特性。氢细菌sp。在碱性，高温温泉中是最丰富的微生物，而酸性，中等温度的温泉主要由绿藻科，硫门氏菌属，嗜盐杆菌属，硫脲加氢菌属和加氢杆菌属组成。据报道，它们具有循环硫的潜力。塑造微生物群落的水化学约束条件可能有助于我们更好地了解酸性和碱性泉水在一定温度范围内的生物地球化学循环。