Migratory ungulates are thought to be declining globally because their dependence on large landscapes renders them highly vulnerable to environmental change. Yet recent studies reveal that many ungulate species can adjust their migration propensity in response to changing environmental conditions to potentially improve population persistence. In addition to the question of whether to migrate, decisions of where and when to migrate appear equally fundamental to individual migration tactics, but these three dimensions of plasticity have rarely been explored together. Here, we expand the concept of migratory plasticity beyond individual switches in migration propensity to also include spatial and temporal adjustments to migration patterns. We develop a novel typological framework that delineates every potential change type within the three dimensions, then use this framework to guide a literature review. We discuss broad patterns in migratory plasticity, potential drivers of migration change, and research gaps in the current understanding of this trait. Our result reveals 127 migration change events in direct response to natural and human‐induced environmental changes across 27 ungulate species. Species that appeared in multiple studies showed multiple types of change, with some exhibiting the full spectrum of migratory plasticity. This result highlights that multidimensional migratory plasticity is pervasive in ungulates, even as the manifestation of plasticity varies case by case. However, studies thus far have rarely been able to determine the fitness outcomes of different types of migration change, likely due to the scarcity of long‐term individual‐based demographic monitoring as well as measurements encompassing a full behavioral continuum and environmental gradient for any given species. Recognizing and documenting the full spectrum of migratory plasticity marks the first step for the field of migration ecology to employ quantitative methods, such as reaction norms, to predict migration change along environmental gradients. Closer monitoring for changes in migratory propensity, routes, and timing may improve the efficacy of conservation strategies and management actions in a rapidly changing world.

中文翻译：

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在不断变化的世界中有蹄类动物迁徙的可塑性

人们认为，有蹄类有蹄类动物在全球范围内正在下降，因为它们对大片景观的依赖性使其非常容易受到环境变化的影响。然而，最近的研究表明，许多有蹄类动物可以适应不断变化的环境条件来调整其迁徙倾向，从而有可能改善种群的持久性。除了问题是否迁移，决定在那里和时迁移对于个人迁移策略来说似乎同样重要，但是可塑性的这三个方面很少一起探讨。在这里，我们将迁移可塑性的概念扩展到迁移倾向的各个开关之外，还包括对迁移模式的时空调整。我们开发了一个新颖的类型学框架，描述了三个维度内的每种潜在变化类型，然后使用该框架来指导文献综述。我们讨论了迁徙可塑性的广泛模式，迁徙变化的潜在驱动因素以及当前对这一特征的理解方面的研究空白。我们的结果揭示了127个迁移变化事件，它们直接响应了27个有蹄类动物的自然和人为环境变化。在多项研究中出现的物种显示出多种类型的变化，其中一些具有完整的迁徙可塑性。该结果表明，即使可塑性的表现因情况而异，多维的迁徙可塑性仍普遍存在于有蹄类动物中。但是，到目前为止，很少有研究能够确定不同类型迁移变化的适应性结果，这可能是由于缺乏长期的基于个体的人口统计监测以及针对任何给定条件的包括完整的行为连续性和环境梯度的测量结果物种。识别和记录整个迁移可塑性标志着迁移生态学领域迈出了第一步，即采用定量方法（例如反应规范）来预测沿环境梯度的迁移变化。