Environmental Geochemistry and Health ( IF 3.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-08 , DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00834-0 Matheus da Silva Ferreira 1 , Maurício Paulo Ferreira Fontes 1 , Anderson Almeida Pacheco 1 , João Carlos Ker 1 , Hedinaldo Narciso Lima 2
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Abstract
The city of Manaus is the biggest industrial city of the north Brazilian region, and a haphazard urbanization process characterizes it. The continuous urbanization and industrialization processes have increased the levels of trace elements in the urban environment and have posed great threat on human health. It is, then, essential to assess the pollution levels and the potential risks of the trace elements presence in urban soils. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the status of trace elements soils pollution and their human health risks to the population of Manaus City. Twenty-two soil samples were collected from the surface layer (0–20 cm), and the contents of Ba, Cr, Mn, Zn, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd and Pb were analyzed. Results showed the predominance of kaolinite, gibbsite and goethite as the main minerals of the clay fraction. The trace elements contents were affected by both natural sources and anthropic activities such as industrial operations and vehicular emissions. The soil contamination assessment by Enrichment Factor showed the existence of eight samples classified as considerably contaminated and two samples classified as highly contaminated. Geoaccumulation index also showed the existence of eight samples exhibiting considerable contamination and one sample showing high contamination. The non-carcinogenic health risk was considered low (HI < 1) to both children and adults. However, the carcinogenic risk of Cd and Pb was higher than the safety limits (CRtotal > 1 × 10–6), indicating that the long exposure to contaminated soils increases the probability of children’s cancer occurrence.
Graphic Abstract
中文翻译：
巴西亚马逊马瑙斯市城市土壤中潜在有毒微量元素的健康风险
摘要
马瑙斯市是巴西北部地区最大的工业城市，其特点是随意的城市化进程。不断的城市化和工业化进程增加了城市环境中微量元素的含量，对人类健康构成了极大威胁。因此，必须评估城市土壤中存在的微量元素的污染水平和潜在风险。因此，本研究的目的是调查微量元素土壤污染状况及其对马瑙斯市人口的人类健康风险。从表层（0-20 cm）收集了22个土壤样品，并分析了Ba、Cr、Mn、Zn、Co、Ni、Cu、Cd和Pb的含量。结果表明，高岭石、三水铝石和针铁矿是粘土部分的主要矿物。微量元素含量受自然资源和人为活动（如工业运营和车辆排放）的影响。通过富集因子进行的土壤污染评估表明，存在 8 个被归类为严重污染的样本和两个被归类为高度污染的样本。地累积指数还显示存在 8 个表现出严重污染的样本和一个表现出高度污染的样本。儿童和成人的非致癌健康风险被认为是低的（HI < 1）。然而，Cd和Pb的致癌风险高于安全限值（通过富集因子进行的土壤污染评估表明，存在 8 个被归类为严重污染的样本和两个被归类为高度污染的样本。地累积指数还显示存在 8 个表现出严重污染的样本和一个表现出高度污染的样本。儿童和成人的非致癌健康风险被认为是低的（HI < 1）。然而，Cd和Pb的致癌风险高于安全限值（通过富集因子进行的土壤污染评估表明，存在 8 个被归类为严重污染的样本和两个被归类为高度污染的样本。地累积指数还显示存在 8 个表现出严重污染的样本和一个表现出高度污染的样本。儿童和成人的非致癌健康风险被认为是低的（HI < 1）。然而，Cd和Pb的致癌风险高于安全限值（CRtotal > 1 × 10 –6 )，说明长期接触污染土壤会增加儿童发生癌症的概率。
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