With this Special Issue, we aim to carve space for a feminist and gender analysis of the economy (i.e. economic policies, governance, knowledge and economic questions more generally) and make this line of research more visible within the Nordic context. While of high societal importance and policy relevance, there is a lack of feminist analyses of the changing role of the economy in poslitics and society in Nordic countries. These economic influences include, among other things, the increasing role of the economy on the political agenda; neoliberal policies and labour market reforms; shifts in the way decisions about economic policy are made; and economic crisis and austerity and their gendered and racialized implications. Nordic welfare states have been conceptualized as “women-friendly” (Hernes, 1987). Although their “women-friendliness”—and, more broadly, inclusiveness—has been contested on several grounds (Borchorst & Siim, 2002, 2008; Keskinen, Tuori, Irni, & Mulinari, 2016; Koskinen Sandberg, 2018), Nordic countries still do well in different gender equality rankings (e.g. World Economic Forum, 2020; see Einarsdottir, in this issue). Moreover, the ongoing processes of neoliberalization—visible in economic, employment, social and gender equality policies, governance and policy-making processes and welfare state employment—have dramatic impacts on the state’s ability to promote gender equality and value everyone’s work and well-being equally. In the aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis, the neoliberal project, a long-standing global phenomenon, has gained increased legitimacy in Nordic countries, intensifying the transition from a social-democratic welfare state to a neoliberal “competition state” (Kantola & Kananen, 2013, Kylä-Laaso & Koskinen Sandberg, in this issue). In addition to economic policies aiming at deregulation, reduction of public spending and marketization of public services, the neoliberalization of Nordic welfare states takes more subtle forms as processes of economization that disseminate economic values, priorities, practices and metrics to all areas of policy-making and state activity (Brown, 2015). The recent austerity policies as well as the more long-term, neoliberal transformation of the State are gendered and racialized phenomena. Across Europe, women and minorities—in particular, minority women—have borne the brunt of cuts in public spending. Moreover, these cuts and the privatization and marketization of public services have refamiliarized and reprivatized care, thereby enhancing the crisis of social reproduction (e.g. Karamessini & Rubery, 2014; Bargawi, Cozzi, & Himmelweit, 2017; Kantola & Lombardo, 2017; Bakker, in this issue). This phenomenon has shifted gender regimes (Walby, 2015) and emphasized classed and racialized hierarchies between women (Bakker, 2003). Austerity has widened gendered economic inequalities and undermined the earlier dual earner—dual carer focus also in Nordic countries (e.g., Elomäki & Ylöstalo, 2018; Thorsdottir, 2013). An important result of austerity and the connected neoliberal labour market reforms in Nordic countries has been the intensification, budget cuts, privatization and renegotiation of working conditions that affect the female-dominated public sector and welfare state employment (Adkins, Kortesoja, Mannevuo, & Ylöstalo, 2019; Kylä-Laaso & Koskinen Sandberg, in this issue). Moreover, the increasing marketization and outsourcing of public services has shifted care work from the public sector to both multinational corporations and small businesses, often headed and staffed by migrants (Brodin & Peterson, in this issue). One outcome of the weakening of working conditions and labour protections has been the growing gig economy, where migrant workers, particularly, NORA—NORDIC JOURNAL OF FEMINIST AND GENDER RESEARCH 2020, VOL. 28, NO. 2, 81–85 https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2020.1747248

中文翻译：

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女权主义对北欧福利国家转型中经济的看法

通过本期特刊，我们旨在为经济的女性主义和性别分析（即，更广泛的经济政策，治理，知识和经济问题）的分析开辟空间，并使这一研究方向在北欧语境下更加清晰可见。尽管具有高度的社会重要性和政策相关性，但缺乏对北欧国家经济在政治和社会中不断变化的作用的女权主义分析。这些经济影响除其他外包括经济在政治议程中的作用日益增强；新自由主义政策和劳动力市场改革；改变有关经济政策的决策方式；以及经济危机和紧缩政策及其在性别和种族方面的影响。北欧福利国家已被概念化为“对妇女友好”（Hernes，1987）。尽管他们的“女性友善” 从更广泛的意义上讲，包容性已经受到了多方面的质疑（Borchorst和Siim，2002年，2008年； Keskinen，Tuori，Irni和Mulinari，2016年； Koskinen Sandberg，2018年），北欧国家在不同的性别平等排名中仍然表现出色（例如，世界排名） 2020年经济论坛；请参阅本期Einarsdottir）。此外，正在进行的新自由化进程（在经济，就业，社会和性别平等政策，治理和决策过程以及福利国家就业中可见）对国家促进性别平等并重视每个人的工作和福祉的能力产生了重大影响。一样。在2008年的经济危机之后，新自由主义项目（一种长期存在的全球性现象）在北欧国家/地区获得了更大的合法性，加剧了从社会民主福利国家到新自由主义“竞争国家”的过渡（Kantola＆Kananen，2013年；Kylä-Laaso＆Koskinen Sandberg，本期）。除了旨在放松管制，减少公共开支和公共服务市场化的经济政策外，北欧福利国家的新自由化还采用了更为微妙的形式，作为经济化过程，向各个决策领域传播经济价值，优先事项，做法和指标。和国家活动（布朗，2015年）。最近的紧缩政策以及国家的更长期的新自由主义转变都是性别和种族化现象。在整个欧洲，妇女和少数族裔，尤其是少数族裔妇女，首当其冲地削减了公共开支。此外，这些削减措施以及公共服务的私有化和市场化使医疗服务再陌生化和私有化，从而加剧了社会再生产的危机（例如Karamessini和Rubery，2014年； Bargawi，Cozzi和Himmelweit，2017年； Kantola和Lombardo，2017年； Bakker，在此）问题）。这种现象改变了性别制度（Walby，2015），并强调了妇女之间的阶级化和种族化等级（Bakker，2003）。紧缩扩大了性别上的经济不平等，破坏了早期的双重收入者-北欧国家也关注双重照顾者（例如，Elomäki＆Ylöstalo，2018年； Thorsdottir，2013年）。在北欧国家，紧缩政策和相关的新自由主义劳动力市场改革的一个重要结果是，集约化，削减预算，对影响女性主导的公共部门和福利国家就业的工作条件进行私有化和重新谈判（Adkins，Kortesoja，Mannevuo和Ylöstalo，2019年;Kylä-Laaso和Koskinen Sandberg，本期）。此外，公共服务市场化和外包的日益增加，将护理工作从公共部门转移到了跨国公司和小型企业，它们通常由移民领导和配备人员（本期Brodin＆Peterson）。工作条件和劳动保护的减弱的结果之一是零工经济的增长，其中农民工，特别是NORA-NORDIC Journal of Feminist and Gender Research 2020，VOL。28号 2，81–85 https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2020.1747248 Kylä-Laaso和Koskinen Sandberg，本期）。此外，公共服务市场化和外包的日益增加，将护理工作从公共部门转移到了跨国公司和小型企业，它们通常由移民领导和配备人员（本期Brodin＆Peterson）。工作条件和劳动保护的减弱的结果之一是零工经济的增长，其中农民工，特别是NORA-NORDIC Journal of Feminist and Gender Research 2020，VOL。28号 2，81–85 https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2020.1747248 Kylä-Laaso和Koskinen Sandberg，本期）。此外，公共服务市场化和外包的日益增加，将护理工作从公共部门转移到了跨国公司和小型企业，它们通常由移民领导和配备人员（本期Brodin＆Peterson）。工作条件和劳动保护的减弱的结果之一是零工经济的增长，其中农民工，特别是NORA-NORDIC Journal of Feminist and Gender Research 2020，VOL。28号 2，81–85 https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2020.1747248 在这个问题上）。工作条件和劳动保护的减弱的结果之一是零工经济的增长，其中农民工，特别是NORA-NORDIC Journal of Feminist and Gender Research 2020，VOL。28号 2，81–85 https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2020.1747248 在这个问题上）。工作条件和劳动保护的减弱的结果之一是零工经济的增长，其中农民工，特别是NORA-NORDIC Journal of Feminist and Gender Research 2020，VOL。28号 2，81–85 https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2020.1747248