Just what does ‘English’ or ‘British’ mean for the music of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries? Can there be definitions of these term centred on the small but important island off the Atlantic coast of the European mainland, whose identity has been most recently transformed from a rusty former superpower to a cultural and business capital of the world, so-called ‘Cool Britannia’? Even attempts to escape the slippage between the geopolitical entities of England and Britain are prone to disagreements and equivocations. Turning to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the situation was no clearer. The strong admixing of royal French and English bloodlines during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the fact that the English line was descended from a conquering French line and the death of last of the Capetan line of French kings, Charles IV, in 1328 resulted in the longest war (or series of wars) in European history between rival English and French claimants for the French throne, the so-called Hundred Years War. For a time, swathes of continental northwest Europe, even Paris, were English possessions. The consequence was cultural exchange. French kings and princes were hostage-guests, sometimes for many years, of their English victors. Princes brought their musicians from England and even hired continental composers. Add to this the two enormous church councils of the early fifteenth century—the schism-busting Council of Constance (1414–1418) and the conciliar-movement-busting Council of Basel (1431) at which representatives of all ‘nations’ of Europe and beyond were present with their entourages, including musicians—and some of the problems of trying to distinguish English

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编辑早期英语音乐

“英语”或“英国”对十四和十五世纪的音乐意味着什么？这些术语的定义是否可以集中在欧洲大陆大西洋沿岸的一个小而重要的岛上，该岛的身份最近已从生锈的前超级大国转变为世界文化和商业之都，即所谓的“酷”不列颠尼亚？即使企图逃脱英格兰和英国地缘政治实体之间的失误，也容易产生分歧和模棱两可。回到第十四和第十五世纪，情况再清楚不过了。在十二世纪和十三世纪，法国皇家血统和英国血统强烈混合，这一事实是，英国血统是从征服法国的血统传承而来的，也是法国国王查理四世的最后一个开普敦血统的死，1328年，在欧洲和英国之间，法国人即法国王位的索偿者之间进行了最长的战争（或一系列战争），即所谓的百年战争。一段时间以来，西北欧洲大陆，甚至巴黎，都是英国人的财产。结果是文化交流。法国国王和王子是他们英国胜利者的人质来宾，有时甚至是多年。王子们从英格兰带来了他们的音乐家，甚至聘请了大陆作曲家。除此之外，还有15世纪初期的两个庞大的教堂理事会-破坏分裂的康斯坦茨理事会（1414–1418）和破坏巴塞尔的conc子运动理事会（1431），欧洲和欧洲所有“民族”的代表都参加了该会议。包括音乐家在内的随从随行，还有一些试图区分英语的问题