Diplomacy provides us with an alternative context in which to read ‘foreignness’ in composition, other than the existing discourses on the forming of identities in the contexts of exile and displacement. It is a reflexive mode of critique that aims not to point out a composer’s intent but, rather, to ask the composer whether the analyst’s perception speaks to his intent. A brief sojourn into general diplomatic theory is followed by an overview of selected literature on music and diplomacy. Readings of contemporary art songs by the African expatriate composers Fred Onovwerosuoke (USA–Nigeria/Ghana) and Robert Fokkens (United Kingdom–South Africa) then serve to demonstrate how a reading of scores in the context of diplomacy tells us how we perceive those composers to portray an unstable concept of foreignness—being ‘African’—in nuanced manners that allow acceptance with specific target audiences, and the influence that this may have on those audiences.

中文翻译：

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非洲外籍作曲家，外交官

外交为我们提供了一种替代的语境，在其中阅读了构成中的“外国”，而不是关于在流放和流离失所情况下形成身份的现有论述。这是一种反思性的批判模式，其目的不是指出作曲家的意图，而是要询问作曲家分析家的看法是否符合他的意图。简要介绍了一般的外交理论，然后概述了有关音乐和外交的精选文学。