Abstract Prior to the Syrian uprisings in 2011, Syrian queer and trans* populations were rather unknown and irrelevant to global LGBT politics, Western media, and humanitarian efforts. This changed considerably after the uprisings as representations steadily increased and proliferated on social media and in journalistic accounts. This article traces this shift and argues that queer and trans* Syrians became visible primarily through a queer/humanitarian media-visibility paradigm and the construction, consolidation, and circulation of the figure of the suffering Syrian gay refugee. Drawing on analyses of what I consider pivotal events and media representations as well as journalistic writings, this article maps out the ways in which the figure of the suffering Syrian gay refugee and the associations it foregrounds emerged, circulated, and became normalized after the uprisings and years into the Syrian conflict. Furthermore, based on ethnographic fieldwork that I conducted with Syrian LGBT refugees in Istanbul during 2014 – 15, this article challenges the suitability of this figure as a knowledge production framework and suggests new research trajectories to approach, understand, and write Syrian queer and trans* histories beyond the queer/humanitarian visibility paradigm and the figure of the suffering Syrian gay refugee.

中文翻译：

---

同性恋者/人道主义者的可见性：遭受苦难的叙利亚同性恋难民形象的出现

摘要在2011年叙利亚起义之前，叙利亚的酷儿和跨性别*人群相当陌生，与全球LGBT政治，西方媒体和人道主义努力无关。起义后，这种情况发生了很大变化，因为社交媒体和新闻界的代表人数稳步增加并激增。本文追溯了这种转变，并认为同性恋和跨性别的叙利亚人主要是通过同性恋/人道主义媒体可见性范例以及受苦的叙利亚同性恋难民的身材的建立，巩固和传播而变得可见。通过对我认为的关键事件和媒体代表以及新闻写作的分析，本文勾勒出了遭受苦难的叙利亚同性恋难民的身影以及它所展望的社团的出现，传播，在起义和叙利亚冲突多年后变得正常化。此外，基于我在2014年至15日与伊斯坦布尔的LGBT难民进行的人种学实地考察，本文对这一数字作为知识生产框架的适用性提出了挑战，并提出了新的研究轨迹来接近，理解和编写叙利亚酷儿和跨性别者*酷儿/人道主义可见性范式和受苦的叙利亚同性恋难民的身影之外的历史。