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The Act Of Listening: Radio Monitoring, 1930–1990
Media History Pub Date : 2019-10-02 , DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2019.1672527
Suzanne Bardgett , Friederike Kind-Kovács , Vincent Kuitenbrouwer

Radio monitoring is a significant but under-researched aspect of the history of international radio broadcasting and, in more general terms, of a transnational history of technology, media and (mass) communication. From the very beginnings of radio in the early 1920s, those involved in experiments with this new medium were aware that the ‘ether knows no boundaries’, and that radio signals could reach audiences well beyond state borders. No previous medium, as Michele Hilmes points out, possessed the ability to ‘defy barriers of both time and space, to travel unseen through the air and enter the ears of private citizens in their homes’. This ‘free-for-all of the airwaves’ has inspired scholars working on the use of radio as an instrument in international relations. For them, broadcasting practices, and the power of radio to influence people abroad as a form of ‘public diplomacy’, prompt a multitude of questions. Very shortly after its introduction the new medium of wireless, as it was then known, became one of the primary means of communication, facilitating the ‘transportation of information’which had become an integral part of modern state building and surpassing the then existing arsenal of communication technologies. Beyond the straightforward account of information exchange across the air waves, however, there is an important story of rivalry in the ether. To properly understand this story, one has to consider the interaction between transmitting and receiving—and the latter in particular has not been especially well researched. International broadcasters did not merely send their message abroad, they also listened with considerable attention to broadcasts from other countries, and used that information to shape their own outputs. When researching broadcasting, therefore, one has to consider the basic inseparability of the spheres of ‘information’ and ‘intelligence’—their interwoven nature a manifestation of the modern state. These anxieties materialized for the first time in the late 1930s, when officials in various countries, for example French colonial Algeria and Nazi Germany, considered foreign broadcasts a threat to their regimes. Deeply conscious of the potential impact of radio on society, these officials began ‘listening’ to foreign radio stations in a manner which was far from passive, but rather undertaken to achieve political goals. If radio creates, as Carolyn Birdsall

中文翻译:

聆听的行为:无线电监测,1930-1990

无线电监测是国际无线电广播历史的一个重要但研究不足的方面,更笼统地说,是技术、媒体和(大众)通信的跨国历史。从 1920 年代初期无线电开始,参与这种新媒体实验的人就意识到“以太无国界”,并且无线电信号可以远远超出国家边界的受众。正如 Michele Hilmes 指出的那样,以前的任何一种媒介都没有能力“突破时间和空间的障碍,在空中穿梭,进入普通公民的家中”。这种“免费使用所有无线电波”启发了致力于将无线电用作国际关系工具的学者。对他们来说,广播实践,以及广播作为一种“公共外交”形式影响国外人民的力量,引发了许多问题。在引入无线新媒体后不久,众所周知,它就成为主要的通信手段之一,促进了“信息传输”,后者已成为现代国家建设不可或缺的一部分,并超越了当时存在的通信技术。然而,除了对通过无线电波进行信息交换的直接说明之外,还有一个关于以太竞争的重要故事。为了正确理解这个故事,我们必须考虑发送和接收之间的相互作用——尤其是后者还没有得到很好的研究。国际广播公司不仅向国外发送信息,他们还非常专注地收听来自其他国家的广播,并利用这些信息来塑造自己的产出。因此,在研究广播时,人们必须考虑“信息”和“智能”领域的基本不可分割性——它们相互交织的性质是现代国家的一种表现。这些焦虑在 1930 年代后期首次出现,当时各个国家的官员,例如法国殖民地阿尔及利亚和纳粹德国,都认为外国广播对其政权构成威胁。深深意识到广播对社会的潜在影响,这些官员开始以一种远非被动的方式“收听”外国广播电台,而是致力于实现政治目标。如果无线电创造,正如卡罗琳·伯索尔 并使用这些信息来塑造他们自己的输出。因此,在研究广播时,人们必须考虑“信息”和“智能”领域的基本不可分割性——它们相互交织的性质是现代国家的一种表现。这些焦虑在 1930 年代后期首次出现,当时各个国家的官员,例如法国殖民地阿尔及利亚和纳粹德国,都认为外国广播对其政权构成威胁。深深意识到广播对社会的潜在影响,这些官员开始以一种远非被动的方式“收听”外国广播电台,而是致力于实现政治目标。如果无线电创造,正如卡罗琳·伯索尔 并使用这些信息来塑造他们自己的输出。因此,在研究广播时,人们必须考虑“信息”和“智能”领域的基本不可分割性——它们相互交织的性质是现代国家的一种表现。这些焦虑在 1930 年代后期首次出现,当时各个国家的官员,例如法国殖民地阿尔及利亚和纳粹德国,认为外国广播对其政权构成威胁。深深意识到广播对社会的潜在影响,这些官员开始以一种远非被动的方式“收听”外国广播电台,而是致力于实现政治目标。如果无线电创造,正如卡罗琳·伯索尔 人们必须考虑“信息”和“智能”领域的基本不可分割性——它们相互交织的性质是现代国家的一种表现。这些焦虑在 1930 年代后期首次出现,当时各个国家的官员,例如法国殖民地阿尔及利亚和纳粹德国,都认为外国广播对其政权构成威胁。深深意识到广播对社会的潜在影响,这些官员开始以一种远非被动的方式“收听”外国广播电台,而是致力于实现政治目标。如果无线电创造,正如卡罗琳·伯索尔 人们必须考虑“信息”和“智能”领域的基本不可分割性——它们相互交织的性质是现代国家的一种表现。这些焦虑在 1930 年代后期首次出现,当时各个国家的官员,例如法国殖民地阿尔及利亚和纳粹德国,都认为外国广播对其政权构成威胁。深深意识到广播对社会的潜在影响,这些官员开始以一种远非被动的方式“收听”外国广播电台,而是致力于实现政治目标。如果无线电创造,正如卡罗琳·伯索尔 例如法国殖民地阿尔及利亚和纳粹德国,认为外国广播对其政权构成威胁。深深意识到广播对社会的潜在影响,这些官员开始以一种远非被动的方式“收听”外国广播电台,而是致力于实现政治目标。如果无线电创造,正如卡罗琳·伯索尔 例如法国殖民地阿尔及利亚和纳粹德国,认为外国广播对其政权构成威胁。深深意识到广播对社会的潜在影响,这些官员开始以一种远非被动的方式“收听”外国广播电台,而是致力于实现政治目标。如果无线电创造,正如卡罗琳·伯索尔
更新日期:2019-10-02
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