The study analyses the historical development of vocational literacy in basic education and Non-Formal Vocational Education (NFVE) in Mozambique, as well as current challenges and contradictions. The theoretical lens of Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) is employed in the study. Methodologically the study was executed through an analysis of oral, printed and e-resources produced by the main stakeholders and also the reflective experiences of the authors in their extensive educational work in the country. The findings reveal poorly developed vocational literacy education in schools and non-formal settings in spite of recurrent political declarations about its importance. There is a strong dependence by formal and particularly NFVE sectors on the technical and financial support provided by international organisations . Vocational literacy courses are characterized by a lack of adequate equipment and poor practice. As a consequence, theoretical or elementary forms of vocational knowledge are dominant in the courses, resulting in the dissatisfaction of both learners and educators. Vocational literacy development proved to be a complex field that faces many challenges and is characterised by diverse internal contradictions.

中文翻译：

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莫桑比克的职业素养：历史发展，当前的挑战和矛盾

该研究分析了莫桑比克基础教育和非正规职业教育中职业素养的历史发展，以及当前的挑战和矛盾。该研究采用了文化历史活动理论（CHAT）的理论视角。在方法上，这项研究是通过对主要利益相关者产生的口头，印刷和电子资源的分析，以及作者在该国广泛教育工作中的反思性经验而进行的。调查结果表明，尽管政治上反复宣布其重要性，但学校和非正规环境中的职业素养教育发展较差。正规部门特别是NFVE部门强烈依赖国际组织提供的技术和财政支持。职业素养课程的特点是缺乏足够的设备和实践不善。结果，理论或基本形式的职业知识在课程中占主导地位，从而导致学习者和教育者都不满意。事实证明，职业素养的发展是一个复杂的领域，面临许多挑战，并具有各种内部矛盾。