ABSTRACT Justice must both be done and be seen to be done. A legal principle designed to give effect to this fundamental proposition is that a judge must not sit to determine a dispute if he or she is biased, or if there exists a reasonable perception that he or she is biased. Across many common law jurisdictions – including the UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and many jurisdictions in the United States – the judge in question himself or herself is required to undertake the assessment of whether bias, or an apprehension of bias, exists. Drawing on insights from behavioural psychology and a series of case studies from across these jurisdictions, this paper offers an extended analysis of this practice and identifies and evaluates alternative proposals.

中文翻译：

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傲慢与偏见：司法回避程序改革案例

摘要 正义既必须实现，也必须被看到。旨在使这一基本主张生效的法律原则是，如果法官有偏见，或者存在合理的看法认为他或她有偏见，则他或她不得开庭裁决争议。在许多普通法司法管辖区——包括英国、澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰和美国的许多司法管辖区——有问题的法官本人需要对是否存在偏见或对偏见的担忧进行评估。借鉴行为心理学的见解和来自这些司法管辖区的一系列案例研究，本文对这种做法进行了扩展分析，并确定和评估了替代方案。