ABSTRACT The expansion of extractive activities and the development of associated infrastructures are reviving land disputes in the Bolivian lowlands. Consultation based on Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC), which has been a longstanding demand of indigenous peoples, is now being employed in cases of interventions on their lands. This paper chronicles a contested consultation in the Indigenous Territory and National Park Isiboro-Sécure (TIPNIS). The case study displays a built-in paradox in FPIC, which is based on presuppositions of equality but fails to consider the very structural imbalances that it is meant to resolve. It casts light on the implications of the consultation for those involved and depicts fundamentally different visions of the Plurinational State: the wish for a strengthening of national level institutions, on the one hand, and for self-governed collective entities, on the other. The article thus enters the debate of the ambiguous attempts of various Latin American countries to establish post-liberal democratic systems. I argue that the implementation of FPIC as direct democracy only reproduces inequalities. A closed space, after a thorough deliberative process, can provide more equity in decision-making, which is what lowland indigenous representatives also suggest.

中文翻译：

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情境化同意：玻利维亚TIPNIS咨询中的压制，抵抗和调适空间

摘要采掘活动的扩大和相关基础设施的发展正在复兴玻利维亚低地的土地纠纷。土著人民长期以来一直要求以自由，事先和知情同意为基础的磋商，现在正在对土著人民的土地进行干预。本文记录了土著领土和国家公园伊西伯勒－塞库尔（TIPNIS）的一次有争议的磋商。案例研究在FPIC中显示了一个内在的悖论，它基于平等的前提，但却没有考虑到要解决的结构性失衡。它阐明了磋商对相关人员的影响，并描绘了多民族国家的根本不同看法：一方面，希望加强国家一级的机构，另一方面，对于自治的集体实体。因此，本文进入了对拉丁美洲各个国家建立自由后民主制度的模棱两可尝试的辩论。我认为，将自由事先知情同意作为直接民主实施只会重现不平等。经过深思熟虑的讨论后，封闭的空间可以在决策中提供更多的公平性，这是低地土著代表也建议的。