ABSTRACT While Bolivia grabbed global attention at the turn of the new millennium for militant indigenous mobilizations, the second decade of the 21st century witnessed the deepening of conflicts between different indigenous sectors. In addition to provoking heated debates on what it means to be indigenous, this has raised questions on the utility of the concept of indigeneity as it has been understood thus far to analyze the new political dynamics. In response to these processes and the analytical challenges they present, this article maps out the existing currents in Bolivian indigenous politics, their mutual disagreements, the meanings they give to indigeneity, and their impact on the politics of the Morales government and its critics. It argues that there are two distinct indigenous visions with different political agendas and priorities: a ‘revivalist’current that focuses on the restoration of ancestral cosmovisions and represents the dominant canon, and an ‘expansionist’ current that prioritizes the struggle against structural racism and gives expression to a new tendency in Latin American indigenous politics. The article is based on nearly two years of ethnographic research in the city of El Alto.

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不同的身份：21世纪玻利维亚的竞争土著政治潮流

摘要虽然玻利维亚在新千年之交吸引了好战的原住民动员，引起了全球关注，但21世纪第二个十年见证了不同原住民部门之间冲突的加深。除了引起关于土著人的含义的激烈辩论外，这还提出了关于土著性概念效用的问题，因为迄今为止人们已经了解到，土著性概念可以用来分析新的政治动态。针对这些过程及其所面临的分析挑战，本文列出了玻利维亚土著政治中的现有潮流，它们之间的分歧，它们赋予土著的意义以及它们对莫拉莱斯政府及其批评者的政治影响。它认为，存在两种截然不同的土著视野，具有不同的政治议程和优先事项：“复兴主义”潮流侧重于恢复祖先的宇宙观，并代表着统治准则；而“扩张主义”潮流则优先考虑反对结构性种族主义的斗争，并表达了拉丁美洲土著政治的新趋势。本文基于埃尔阿尔托市近两年的人种学研究。