ABSTRACT Cultural history is currently rediscovering heraldry as a versatile means of communication that was widely employed throughout all parts of medieval society, not least the city. Scholars, however, primarily analyse the urban space as a stage for noble self-representation by means of heraldic communication. This paper argues for a different perspective, that townspeople and other commoners were far from primarily passive observers of heraldry displayed in the city. Four case studies from late medieval London demonstrate public expressions of discontent and protest through forms of heraldic communication which did not rely on display, but instead on the manipulation and destruction of the heraldic signs of kings, princes and other noblemen. Indeed, such heraldic practices of ‘non-nobles’ suggest that heraldry, in the later Middle Ages, was accessible to all parts of society, and constituted a ubiquitous and powerful aspect of urban visual culture.

中文翻译：

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颠倒，污损，取代：中世纪晚期的伦敦和不满与抗议的纹章传达

摘要文化史目前正在重新发现纹章学，将其作为一种多功能的交流手段，在中世纪社会的各个部分，尤其是整个城市中，广泛使用。然而，学者们主要通过纹章学交流来分析城市空间，以此作为高尚自我表现的舞台。本文提出了不同的观点，即城镇居民和其他平民百姓与展示城市中主要的被动的纹章观察者相去甚远。来自中世纪晚期伦敦的四个案例研究通过不依靠展示而是依靠操纵和破坏国王，王子和其他贵族的纹章标志的纹章传播形式来表达公众的不满和抗议。确实，这种“非贵族”的纹章学实践表明，在中世纪后期，纹章学