ABSTRACT From 841 to 843 CE, the Frankish noblewoman Dhuoda wrote a text for her son William that adopted two genres: the handbook and lay mirror. This article argues that vision and vigilance were central to the spiritual and political lessons that this mother taught her son. Dhuoda encouraged him to be watchful and observe the spiritual lessons offered by the natural world, especially plants and animals. Yet, she also insisted that William never mistake his earthly life (the quasi) for his eternal existence in heaven. Dhuoda thus borrowed the trope of the vigilant king to urge her son to employ careful vision to avoid personal and political troubles, such as those engulfing his own family and the Frankish imperial family. By situating Dhuoda's use of quasi within her emphasis on vision and vigilance, this article offers deeper insight into this unique aristocratic woman and her troubling personal and political situations.

中文翻译：

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“准准镜”：Dhuoda的Liber manualis中的视觉，警惕性和自然世界

摘要从841年到843年，法兰克贵族杜达（Dhuoda）为儿子威廉（William）撰写了一篇文字，该文字采用了两种体裁：手册和躺椅。本文认为，远见和警惕是这位母亲教给儿子的精神和政治课程的核心。Dhuoda鼓励他保持警惕，并观察自然世界，特别是植物和动物提供的精神课。然而，她还坚持认为，威廉永远不要将他的世俗生活（准）误认为他在天堂的永恒存在。Dhuoda因此借用了戒备森严的国王的帐单，敦促她的儿子运用审慎的眼光来避免个人和政治上的麻烦，例如那些吞没自己的家人和法兰克帝国的麻烦。通过将Dhuoda对准的使用置于她对视觉和警惕的强调中，