The high-altitude site of Karmir Sar is located around 2850 m a.s.l. on the southern slopes of Mt. Aragats (Armenia). Numerous stone structures (including vishaps, cromlechs, stone enclosures) are found all over the 40 ha-sized meadow, out of which three vishaps, four cromlechs and one circular stone structure have been investigated since 2012. According to 14C-dates, pottery and diagnostic lithic artefacts, human presence at Karmir Sar started as early as the Chalcolithic Period and continued (with gaps) until modern times; whereby the Middle Bronze Age (MBA) and the Medieval era represent the most intensive periods of occupation. This contribution presents primary data on the typology and technology of 1129 chipped lithic artefacts that have been excavated in four trenches at Karmir Sar (operations KS A, KS C, KS D, and KS E). This study of the lithic industries of Karmir Sar will be embedded within the framework of lithic economy, which considers lithic artefacts as part of a comprehensive interaction between lithic production and consumption. The lithic economy includes strategies of raw material procurement, blanks production and its transformation into tools, tool use, as well as the circulation of raw materials or products. Due to multiple use episodes and a general lack of clear stratigraphical horizons, the assemblages of Karmir Sar are not suitable to define the lithic industry for specific periods (such as the Chalcolithic or MBA periods). However, the data allows for general conclusions on lithic production and consumption at Karmir Sar, which appears to be quite similar during both periods. The Chalcolithic and MBA lithic economies at Karmir Sar are characterized by an ad hoc tool production environment, which well matches the needs of semi-mobile herder societies. The majority of raw materials appear to be procured from secondary source areas (such as riverbeds) which is indicated by a high ratio of battered and rolled surfaces. Tools are predominantly produced on-site, and according to daily demands by simple flake core technology. This allowed for a flexible, spontaneous blank and tool production without being dependent on specialized blade producers.

中文翻译：

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卡尔米尔·萨尔（Karmir Sar）的石器时代和青铜器时代的黑曜石产业：南高加索地区石器时代的山脉风景

卡米尔·萨尔（Karmir Sar）的高海拔地区位于山顶南坡2850 m asl。阿拉加特（亚美尼亚）。在40公顷大小的草地上发现了许多石头结构（包括vishaps，cromlechs，石头围墙），自2012年以来，对其中的3个vishap，4 cromlechs和1个圆形石头结构进行了调查。根据14C年代，陶器和诊断石器文物，人类在卡尔米尔·萨尔（Karmir Sar）的生活最早始于石器时代，并一直（直到现在）一直存在直到现代。因此，中古铜器时代（MBA）和中世纪时代是占领最密集的时期。该文稿提供了有关在Karmir Sar（作业KS A，KS C，KS D和KS E）的四个沟槽中挖出的1129块碎石器物的类型和技术的主要数据。对卡尔米尔·萨尔（Karmir Sar）的石器产业的研究将嵌入到石器经济的框架内，该系统将石器物视为石器生产与消费之间全面互动的一部分。石器时代的经济包括原材料采购，毛坯生产及其向工具，工具的使用以及原材料或产品的流通的战略。由于多次使用事件以及普遍缺乏清晰的地层视野，Karmir Sar的组合不适用于定义特定时期（例如中石器时代或MBA时期）的石器产业。但是，这些数据可以得出关于卡米尔米尔（Karmir Sar）的石器生产和消费的一般结论，在这两个时期似乎很相似。卡米尔米尔（Karmir Sar）的Chalcolithic和MBA石器时代的经济特点是具有特殊的工具生产环境，可以很好地满足半流动牧民社会的需求。大部分原材料似乎是从次要来源地区（例如河床）采购的，这表明受虐和碾压表面的比例很高。工具主要在现场生产，并根据日常需求通过简单的片状核心技术生产。这允许灵活，自发的毛坯和工具生产，而不必依赖专业的刀片生产商。工具主要在现场生产，并根据日常需求通过简单的片状核心技术生产。这允许灵活，自发的毛坯和工具生产，而不必依赖专业的刀片生产商。工具主要在现场生产，并根据日常需求通过简单的片状核心技术生产。这允许灵活，自发的毛坯和工具生产，而不必依赖专业的刀片生产商。