The main purpose of the current study is to help researchers and students studying lithics in Brazilian archaeology to understand, through a macro-regional scale, the potential sources of the main occurrences of lithic raw materials in Brazil. This potential is presented from a qualitative point of view and has been divided along two perspectives. The first approach recalls the geological areas known as shields. These are the Guianas, Central Brazil, and Atlantic, and together, they account for 57.3% of the national territory. The sedimentary basins, more significant in size, are the Amazonas, Foz do Amazonas, Parnaiba, Sanfranciscana, Pantanal and Parana, and account for the remaining 42.7% of the terrain. The second approach presents the lithic potential according to the major geomorphologic domains called the Amazonian, Cerrado, Mares de Morros, Caatinga, Mata de Araucarias, Prairies and Transition Zones, although this paper focuses only on the first four mentioned. Properly defining the nature of the lithic raw materials has been an issue for archaeologists, particularly those materials whose macroscopic features are similar and very fine grained, such as flint, chert, chalcedony, silcrete, silicified sandstone and fine sandstone. The lack of field activities in Brazilian archaeology courses results in not providing a minimum basis in mineralogy, geology and geomorphology for archaeology works to be carried out properly. In cases where the archaeological lithic studies are the main subject of the work or research, the scenario may be even worse due to the lack of availability of public domain geological maps at appropriate scale, in such a way that the small rock bodies, often classified as potential lithic occurrences, are not represented. To be used both in reference work, field research and laboratory stages, this paper provides simplified schemes of classification and identification for the most common rocks and minerals found at archaeological sites in Brazil, also mentioning the basic processes of rocks formation. Aging more than 541 million years, the shields are formed mainly by igneous intrusive and metamorphic rocks and their height ranges from 300 to 3000 meters. Their main raw materials, potentially useful for the lithic industries, are the granites, granodiorites, gabbros, diabases, amphibolites, quartzites, gneisses, iron formations, metamorphosed limestones, soapstones, jaspilites, laterites, quartz, hematite, manganese oxides and, more rarely, sillimanite and amazonite. Constituted by sedimentary and extrusive rocks as well as sediments, and located in regions whose altitude is below 300 meters high, the sedimentary basins age less than 541 million years. The most frequent sedimentary rocks, which are useful for the lithic industry, are sandstones, siltstones, arkoses, limestones and less commonly silexites and cherts; the main volcanic rocks are basalts, less frequently rhyolites and rhyodacites and very rare obsidians; among the minerals, can be mentioned agate, chalcedony and quartz; and gravel pebbles, laterites and silcretes as Tertiary-Quaternary sediments. The pebbles of fluvial and coastal gravels can contain certain rocks and minerals from practically all examples mentioned in the shields and sedimentary basins. The Brazilian river system, constituted by abundant water bodies, most of them draining shield areas and rugged terrains in basins, provided in the archaeological past a significant lithologic variety for those human populations, and such condition must be considered in the lithic studies in Brazil.

中文翻译：

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巴西日报-巴西资料书：乌玛维索地理杂志

当前研究的主要目的是通过宏观区域规模来帮助研究巴西考古石器的研究人员和学生了解巴西主要石器原材料的潜在来源。这种潜力是从定性的角度提出的，并已从两个角度进行了划分。第一种方法是召回被称为盾牌的地质区域。这些国家是圭亚那，巴西中部和大西洋，加在一起占全国领土的57.3％。规模较大的沉积盆地是亚马孙河流域，亚马孙河流域，帕尔奈巴，圣弗朗西斯卡纳，潘塔纳尔和巴拉那，占剩余地形的42.7％。第二种方法根据称为Amazonian，Cerrado，Mares de Morros，Caatinga，Mata de Araucarias，草原和过渡带，尽管本文仅着重提到的前四个。对于考古学家来说，正确定义石质原材料的性质一直是一个问题，特别是那些宏观特征相似且粒度非常细的材料，例如fl石，石，玉髓，silcrete，硅化砂岩和细砂岩。巴西考古学课程缺乏野外活动，导致无法在矿物学，地质学和地貌学方面提供最低限度的基础，以便考古工作得以正确开展。在考古岩性研究是工作或研究的主要主题的情况下，由于缺乏适当规模的公共领域地质图的可用性（例如，小岩石体，通常未被归类为潜在的石器事件。为了在参考工作，野外研究和实验室阶段中都可以使用，本文为在巴西考古现场发现的最常见的岩石和矿物提供了简化的分类和识别方案，还提到了岩石形成的基本过程。盾构有超过5.41亿年的历史，主要由火成侵入岩和变质岩形成，其高度范围为300至3000米。它们的主要原材料可能对石器业有用，它们是花岗岩，花岗闪长岩，辉长岩，辉绿岩，闪石，石英岩，片麻岩，铁层，变质的石灰石，滑石，硬玉，红土，石英，赤铁矿，氧化锰，并且很少见，硅线石和亚马逊石。沉积盆地由沉积岩和挤出岩以及沉积物组成，位于海拔低于300米的地区，沉积年龄不到5.41亿年。对石器业有用的最常见的沉积岩是砂岩，粉砂岩，石，石灰石和较少见的硅铁矿和and石。主要的火山岩是玄武岩，较少的流纹岩和流纹岩以及非常罕见的黑曜石。在矿物质中，可以提及玛瑙，玉髓和石英。卵石，卵石，红土和硅土为第三纪至第四纪沉积物。河流砾石和沿海砾石的卵石可能包含某些岩石和矿物，这些岩矿物质实际上来自盾构和沉积盆地中提到的所有实例。巴西河系由丰富的水体组成，