Because of their geomorphological and sedimentary records, rivers provide relevant archives of palaeoenvironmental change, namely palaeoclimatic and palaeogeographic. Well-dated long-term sedimentary successions sequences are of the most value, with the ages of sedimentary events, included fossils and archaeological materials provided by a range of numerical dating techniques. The Quaternary fluvial archives of the Tejo River in Portugal (the Lower Tejo) can provide important data for studies of landscape and sedimentary evolution, but also of the early human occupation. The present state of art achieved by using methods of geomorphology, lithostratigraphy, sedimentology, archaeology and absolute dating in the study of the Lower Tejo River T4 terrace is here summarized. The Lower Tejo has staircases that comprise a culminant sedimentary unit (the ancestral Tejo River, before the beginning of the fluvial incision stage) and six terraces (T1 to T6) located above the modern alluvial plain, with details as follows: T6 at +7-10 m (above river level), 64-32 ka, with Late Middle Palaeolithic (late Mousterian); T5 at +18-26 m, 136-75 ka, with Middle Palaeolithic industries and Mousterian knapping (Levallois); T4 at +34-48 m, ∼340-155 ka, with Lower Palaeolithic (Early to Late Acheulian) to early Middle Palaeolithic; T3, T2 and T1 do not contain archaeological materials and only from the T3 (+43-78 m) and T1 (+84-164 m) finite absolute ages were obtained. The prehistoric human occupation of this area is of renewed interest because it contains evidence for an extensive Palaeolithic occupation. Related archaeological sites are present on both sides of the river, from the vicinity of the Spanish border (Vila Velha de Rodao; upstream) to the Lisboa area (near the river mouth). This work focuses on the Palaeolithic sites that were found on the T4 terrace, which is made of a basal Lower Gravels unit and an overlying Upper Sands unit. The oldest artefacts previously found in the Lower Gravels unit of the T4 terrace, display crude bifacial forms that can be attributed to the Acheulian, with a probable age of ca. 340 to 325 ka. In contrast, the lower and middle stratigraphic levels of the T4 Upper Sands unit has archaeological sites stratigraphically documenting successive phases of an evolved Acheulian, that were dated as ca. 325 to 200 ka. Notably, these Lower Paleolithic artisans were able to produce tools with different levels of sophistication, simply by applying different strategies. More elaborated reduction sequences were used in case of bifaces, and simpler reduction sequences to obtain cleavers. The differences observed in the lithic assemblages documented at each of these sites can be attributed to a certain degree to particular economic functionalities. But, simultaneously, taking into account the stratigraphic position of these sites and the global technological and typological characteristics of the most relevant tools types (bifaces, cleavers, side-scrapers) we are also impelled to consider the occurrence of local evolutionary chronological trends. In stratigraphic levels at the top deposits of T4, Middle Paleolithic industries have been found and probably date as ca. 165 to 155 ka. In the context of the human settlements of the Middle Pleistocene recognized on the terraces of the Tagus River in Portugal, most of the sites mentioned here in detail, contained in sedimentary deposits of the T4 Terrace and with a chronology of ca. 340 ka to ca. 180 ka, belong to the Lower Paleolithic. The data currently available seem to suggest the possibility of some variability in the lithic industries, if we consider sites with bifaces and hand axes, such as those of Monte Famaco and Vale do Forno (VF1 and VF8), with bifaces, but without axes as in Castelo Velho, to the sites of Fonte da Moita and Ribeira da Ponte da Pedra, where there are industries rich in fine pebbles and rare bifacial pieces. However, it should be pointed out that the specific reality of each of these sites is not comparable with the rest. In fact, this variability is further accentuated when the cave sites of the Almonda spring are introduced into the equation. The correlation of the already known results and the ones to be obtained in the future with the reality of other regions and with other contexts also already identified in the region, as is the case of the recent findings in karst cavities will not fail to enrich the discussion about the variability of the data known.

中文翻译：

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像TerraçoT4的Paleolítico劣等医学协会一样，做Baixo Tejo（葡萄牙中部）；西班牙伊比利亚大区的阿基沃斯大教堂 340 ka 155 ka

由于河流的地貌和沉积记录，河流提供了古环境变化的相关档案，即古气候和古地理。良好的长期沉积演替序列具有最大的价值，随着沉积事件的年代不断增长，包括由一系列数值测年技术提供的化石和考古材料。葡萄牙特茹河（下特茹）的第四纪河流相档案可为研究景观和沉积演化以及人类早期占领提供重要数据。本文总结了在下特茹河T4阶地研究中使用地貌学，岩相地层学，沉积学，考古学和绝对测年方法实现的最新技术。下特茹河的楼梯包括一个积的沉积单元（祖先的特茹河，在河床切开阶段开始之前）和位于现代冲积平原上方的六个阶地（T1至T6），其细节如下：T6在+7 -10 m（河平面以上），64-32 ka，中晚期旧石器时代（穆斯特晚期）；T5在+ 18-26 m，136-75 ka，具有中古旧石器时代的工业和穆斯特的绑架（勒瓦卢瓦）；T4于+ 34-48 m，约340-155 ka，下旧石器时代（早至阿彻留晚期）至中旧石器早期；T3，T2和T1不包含考古材料，仅从T3（+ 43-78 m）和T1（+ 84-164 m）获得了有限的绝对年龄。该地区的史前人类占领引起了新的兴趣，因为它包含了广泛的旧石器时代占领的证据。从西班牙边境（维拉·韦尔哈·德·罗道（Vila Velha de Rodao）；上游）到里斯本地区（河口附近）附近，河的两侧都有相关的考古遗址。这项工作的重点是在T4阶地上发现的旧石器时代遗址，该阶地由基底下砾石单元和上覆上砂单元构成。先前在T4阶地的Lower Gravels单元中发现的最古老的人工制品显示出可归因于Acheulian的粗略的双面形式，其大概年龄为。340至325 ka。相比之下，T4上层砂岩单元的中下地层水平具有考古记录，地层记录了演化的阿彻勒期的连续相，其年代可追溯至大约3年。325至200 ka。值得注意的是 这些低下石器时代的工匠只需采用不同的策略，就能生产出具有不同水平的工具。对于双面使用更详细的还原序列，而使用更简单的还原序列可获得切割刀。在这些站点中每个站点记录的石器组合中观察到的差异可以在一定程度上归因于特定的经济功能。但是，同时，考虑到这些站点的地层位置以及最相关的工具类型（双面，切肉刀，侧刮刀）的全球技术和类型学特征，我们也被迫考虑出现局部演化年代趋势。在T4顶部矿床的地层中，发现了旧石器时代的中层工业，其年代可能约为。165至155 ka。在葡萄牙塔霍河阶地上公认的中更新世人类住区的背景下，此处详细提及的大部分遗址都包含在T4阶地的沉积物中，并按年代顺序排列。340 ka至约 180 ka，属于下旧石器时代。如果我们考虑带有双面和手轴的站点，例如Monte Famaco和Vale do Forno（VF1和VF8）带有双面但不带轴的站点，则当前可用的数据似乎暗示了石器工业中某些可变性的可能性。在Castelo Velho，到丰泰·达·莫伊塔（Fonte da Moita）和里贝拉·达·蓬特·达·佩德拉（Ribeira da Ponte da Pedra）的站点，那里的工业中有许多精美的鹅卵石和罕见的双面碎片。但是，应该指出的是，这些站点中的每个站点的实际情况都无法与其他站点相提并论。事实上，当将Almonda弹簧的洞穴位置引入方程式时，这种可变性会进一步加剧。已知结果与将来将要获得的结果与其他地区的现实情况以及该地区也已经确定的其他情况之间的相关性，就像最近在岩溶洞中发现的情况一样，将不会使该地区丰富。关于已知数据变异性的讨论。