Economic development is the factor determining the volumes of generated waste, the intensity of production, the level of individual consumption as well as consumption patterns. It results in environmental threats, which are addressed through practical application of the circular economy concept. The key goal of the latter is to manufacture and use products in the most efficient way and also to manage the resulting waste in an economically and environmentally appropriate manner. In relation to the above, the purpose of the article is to conduct a multivariate comparative analysis covering the European Union countries in terms of their levels of circular economy implementation, with special attention being paid to Poland. The article discusses the concept of circular economy, its principles and major activities. The EU and national-level documents which describe the basics of circular economy are briefly overviewed. The empirical research was carried out using multivariate comparative analysis based on the indicators describing circular economy implementation in all European Union countries. The final part of the article assesses the level of circular economy implementation in Poland specifically.

中文翻译：

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波兰和其他欧盟国家实施循环经济的比较分析

经济发展是决定废物产生量，生产强度，个人消费水平和消费方式的因素。它导致环境威胁，可以通过循环经济概念的实际应用来解决。后者的主要目标是以最有效的方式制造和使用产品，并以经济和环保的方式管理所产生的废物。关于上述内容，本文的目的是对欧盟国家的循环经济实施水平进行多变量比较分析，并特别注意波兰。本文讨论了循环经济的概念，原理和主要活动。简要概述了描述循环经济基础的欧盟和国家级文件。基于描述所有欧盟国家实施循环经济的指标，使用多元比较分析进行了实证研究。本文的最后一部分专门评估了波兰的循环经济实施水平。