ABSTRACT This article reconstructs and defends the judicial doctrine variously called ‘rationality review’, ‘formal equality’, ‘discrimination’, or ‘arbitrariness’. The doctrine is renamed underinclusiveness and is reconstructed as a distributive doctrine of moral rights. It is then defended against claims of formalism and conservatism by showing that it is a substantive, institutionally legitimate doctrine of equality and discrimination.

中文翻译：

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为实质性平等和歧视的一般原则辩护

摘要 本文重构并捍卫了被称为“理性审查”、“形式平等”、“歧视”或“任意性”的司法学说。该学说被重新命名为underinclusiveness，并被重构为一种精神权利的分配学说。然后通过证明它是一种实质性的、制度上合法的平等和歧视学说，来为它辩护，反对形式主义和保守主义的主张。