Abstract This article describes methods for producing 3D printed models of pathological conditions observed in archaeological and historical human skeletal remains. The intent is to produce models that can effectively substitute for fragile human skeletal remains or remains not freely available because of ethical or political considerations. The methods produce models that vary in their degrees of accuracy, from simple replicas of gross morphology to those that show the same characteristics as the original under, for example, X-radiography. In one instance the models—unlike the original computed tomography (CT) scans—proved invaluable in confirming a diagnosis. Brief details of techniques are provided, along with results of qualitative tests on model robusticity. The printed models are more robust than the originals allowing for their use in teaching and exhibition settings. Proposals for further work aimed at improving the printing process and the accuracy of the models are also provided.

中文翻译：

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印刷病理学：以病理学方式呈现人体骨骼遗骸以进行教育和展示的案例研究

摘要本文介绍了在考古和历史人类骨骼遗骸中观察到的病理条件的3D打印模型的产生方法。目的是生成可以有效替代脆弱的人类骨骼遗骸或由于伦理或政治考虑而无法自由获取的模型。这些方法产生的模型的准确度各不相同，从大体形态的简单复制品到在X射线照相下显示出与原始特征相同的特征的模型。在某些情况下，与原始计算机断层扫描（CT）扫描不同，这些模型在确认诊断方面具有不可估量的价值。提供了技术的简短详细信息，以及对模型鲁棒性的定性测试结果。印刷的模型比原始模型更坚固，可用于教学和展览环境。还提供了旨在改善打印过程和模型准确性的进一步工作的建议。