ABSTRACT Blue carbon ecosystems are diverse and highly productive coastal habitats (mangroves, seagrasses, and tidal marshes) that sequester large quantities of carbon and provide a suite of important ecosystem services (‘co-benefits’) for humans and the environment. These ecosystems are being threatened globally due to land-use change driven by expanding agriculture, aquaculture, coastal development, and pollution. Climatic impacts further threaten the resilience, functionality, and adaptability of blue carbon ecosystems. ‘Marine protected areas’ (MPAs) provide a statutory approach for protecting coastal and marine ecosystems, yet are unlikely to meet ‘additionality’ requirements. Whereas other effective conservation measures (OECMs) including community-based ‘locally managed marine areas’ (LMMAs) provide opportunities to enhance blue carbon conservation and restoration efforts. LMMAs likely deliver additional sequestration, although ensuring ‘permanence’ of carbon stocks may be more difficult to achieve. This review summarizes key approaches of blue carbon monitoring; governance systems; policy instruments; and investment pathways for conservation and restoration.

中文翻译：

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基于区域的沿海和海洋管理计划中的蓝碳——综述

摘要 蓝碳生态系统是多样且高产的沿海栖息地（红树林、海草和潮汐沼泽），可固存大量碳并为人类和环境提供一系列重要的生态系统服务（“协同效益”）。由于农业、水产养殖、沿海开发和污染导致的土地利用变化，这些生态系统在全球范围内受到威胁。气候影响进一步威胁蓝碳生态系统的恢复力、功能和适应性。“海洋保护区”(MPA) 提供了保护沿海和海洋生态系统的法定方法，但不太可能满足“附加性”要求。而其他有效的保护措施 (OECM)，包括以社区为基础的“本地管理的海洋区域”(LMMA)，为加强蓝碳保护和恢复工作提供了机会。LMMA 可能会提供额外的固存，尽管确保碳储量的“永久性”可能更难实现。本综述总结了蓝碳监测的主要方法；治理系统；政策工具；以及保护和恢复的投资途径。