When the government of Botswana ended its five-year prohibition of commercial safari hunting, comparatively little attention was directed at the policy reversal’s effect on communities that had engaged in non-commercial and subsistence hunting prior to the moratorium. The ban, in force from 2014 until 2019, fundamentally upended and criminalised the game-meat culture and economic systems common to many San groups, especially in the western Kalahari region. Despite substantial policy divergences between the incumbent president and his predecessor, the post-ban institutional framework offers much of the same for communities that articulate a preference, largely ignored by policy makers, for game-meat consumption. This speaks to an elite consensus with regard to conceptions of development and natural resource use. San people frequently differentiate themselves from mainstream society on the grounds of their contrasting meat-consumption cultures and draw a comparison with dominant Tswana cultural and economic norms associated with cattle production. The Botswana state’s development and conservation efforts to end non-commercial hunting and promote cattle farming are interpreted by San communities as policies of forced assimilation into mainstream Tswana culture and society. Cattle production and beef consumption are promoted as a development approach that is rendered ‘modern’ in contrast to supposedly ‘primitive’ hunting practices. Nevertheless, top-down policies that facilitate the continued abolition of subsistence hunting are justified along ecological and conservation lines without fully engaging with localised environmental and social effects of a widespread transition away from game meat and towards cattle production.

中文翻译：

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博茨瓦纳的狩猎禁令与肉食文化，经济和生态的转变

博茨瓦纳政府结束其对商业性野生动物园狩猎的五年禁令时，相对较少的注意力集中在政策逆转对暂停实施之前从事非商业性和谋生性狩猎的社区的影响上。该禁令于2014年至2019年生效，从根本上颠覆了许多San群体（尤其是卡拉哈里西部地区）常见的野味文化和经济体系并将其定为刑事犯罪。尽管现任总统与前任总统之间存在重大政策分歧，但禁令后的体制框架为那些明确表示偏爱，但被政策制定者基本忽视的食用野味的社区提供了许多相同的条件。这在发展和自然资源使用的概念上达成了精英共识。桑族人经常以肉类消费文化的差异为由，与主流社会区分开来，并与与牛群生产相关的茨瓦纳人占主导地位的文化和经济规范进行了比较。桑族人将博茨瓦纳州为结束非商业性狩猎和促进养牛业而进行的开发和保护工作视为强迫同化到茨瓦纳主流文化和社会的政策。牛的生产和牛肉的消费作为一种发展方式得到了促进，与所谓的“原始”狩猎方式形成了鲜明对比。不过，