The toyi-toyi is commonly described as a high-stepping ‘dance’ and associated above all with the anti-apartheid protests of the mid 1980s in South Africa’s townships. Its origins are, however, some two decades earlier and nearly 5,000 miles to the north, in the military training given to cadres of the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) in Algeria. Now, the toyi-toyi is as often used in protest against governments led by the region’s former liberation movements as in displays of support for them. Between its Algerian origins and its current incarnations, the toyi-toyi has carried many meanings. We focus here on how veterans of the Zimbabwean and South African liberation struggles remembered the wartime toyi-toyi in oral histories and memoir. Veterans of ZAPU’s armed wing traced the toyi-toyi’s travels from north to south, in training regimes in the military camps of Algeria, Tanzania and Zambia. They remembered it as a defining feature of their army, able to create powerful bonds of loyalty and the physical toughness necessary to survival on the battlefield. Veterans of Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the African National Congress’ armed wing, learned the toyi-toyi from ZAPU cadres in shared camps. They agreed that it was emblematic of ZAPU’s army, but often portrayed it as an expression of an intolerant, macho militarism that had corrupted MK, above all in its Angolan camps. For all these former soldiers, the toyi-toyi became both a symbol and vector of particular kinds of military strategy, political belief and masculinist bodily power that provided a means of talking about influences and tensions between and within liberation movements. Tracing the toyi-toyi’s travels allows us to see how liberation movements’ military cultures were made, moved and revalued over time and across a vast geographical terrain.

中文翻译：

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游历的Toyi-Toyi：士兵与演习的政治

“ toyi-toyi”通常被描述为一种高阶的“舞蹈”，最重要的是与1980年代中期南非乡镇的反种族隔离抗议活动有关。然而，它的起源是在大约二十年前，在向北向近5,000英里的北部，这是对在阿尔及利亚津巴布韦非洲人民联盟（ZAPU）的干部进行的军事训练。现在，toyi-toyi经常被用来抗议该地区前解放运动所领导的政府，以及对政府的支持。在它的阿尔及利亚起源和当前的化身之间，toyi-toyi具有许多含义。我们在这里集中讨论津巴布韦和南非解放斗争的退伍军人如何在口述历史和回忆录中记住战时的“ toyi-toyi”。ZAPU武装联队的退伍军人追溯了从南到北的toyi-toyi之旅，在阿尔及利亚，坦桑尼亚和赞比亚的军事营地接受训练。他们记得这是他们军队的标志性特征，能够建立强大的忠诚度和在战场上生存所必需的身体韧性。非洲人国民大会的武装部门Umkhonto we Sizwe（MK）的退伍军人在共享营地的ZAPU干部那里学习了to头。他们同意，这是扎普族军队的象征，但通常将其描绘成一种不容忍的，猛男的军国主义的表达，这种主义破坏了MK，尤其是在其安哥拉难民营中。对于所有这些前士兵而言，“ toyi-toyi”既是特定军事战略，政治信仰和男性气概的体力的象征和载体，又提供了一种手段来谈论解放运动之间及其内部的影响和紧张关系。