This study evaluated the effectiveness of remediation treatments in the long‐term (20 years) for one of the largest mine spills in the world, the Aznalcóllar accident. Soil recovery was carried out through the application of various rates of organic (compost and manure) and inorganic amendments (materials rich in iron oxides and calcium carbonate). Different amendment combinations were grouped in four treatments (T1 to T4) and applied in different sectors depending on the soil properties and the degree of initial contamination. To assess the degree of soil recovery, physicochemical properties, total, water‐soluble, and bioavailable concentrations of the main contaminants (Pb, As, Zn, and Cu) were determined over time. Applied treatments increased pH, calcium carbonate, and organic carbon content of soils, reduced electrical conductivity, and decreased mobility of contaminants, indicating that remediation treatments were efficient recovering soils contaminated by potentially harmful elements (PHEs). However, 20 years after the accident, total concentrations of Pb and As still exceed the intervention levels of the current regulations in certain areas. These areas are located in the sectors closest to the mine and where treatments T1 and T2 were applied. In these cases, the added doses of organic amendments, iron oxide–rich soils, and carbonate amendments were not sufficiently effective, so the application of new treatments is recommended to complete the total recovery of the Guadiamar Green Corridor.

中文翻译：

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对在西班牙受矿业泄漏影响的地区进行的补救措施的长期评估

这项研究评估了在长期（20年）内对世界上最大的矿山泄漏之一-阿兹纳尔库拉事故（Aznalcóllar事故）的补救措施的有效性。土壤的恢复是通过施用各种比例的有机（肥料和肥料）和无机改良剂（富含氧化铁和碳酸钙的材料）来进行的。根据土壤性质和初始污染程度，将不同的改良剂组合分为四种处理方法（T1至T4），并应用于不同的领域。为了评估土壤的恢复程度，随着时间的推移确定了主要污染物（铅，砷，锌和铜）的理化特性，总浓度，水溶性和生物利用率。进行的处理增加了土壤的pH值，碳酸钙和有机碳含量，降低了电导率，污染物的流动性下降，这表明补救措施可以有效地回收被潜在有害元素（PHE）污染的土壤。但是，事故发生20年后，某些地区Pb和As的总浓度仍超过现行法规的干预水平。这些区域位于最靠近矿山的区域，并在其中进行了处理T1和T2。在这些情况下，添加有机改良剂，富含氧化铁的土壤和碳酸盐改良剂的剂量不足以有效，因此建议应用新的处理方法以完成瓜迪亚玛尔绿色走廊的全部恢复。事故发生20年后，某些地区Pb和As的总浓度仍超过现行法规的干预水平。这些区域位于最靠近矿山的区域，并在其中进行了处理T1和T2。在这些情况下，添加有机改良剂，富含氧化铁的土壤和碳酸盐改良剂的剂量不足以有效，因此建议应用新的处理方法以完成瓜迪亚玛尔绿色走廊的全部恢复。事故发生20年后，某些地区Pb和As的总浓度仍超过现行法规的干预水平。这些区域位于最靠近矿山的区域，并在其中进行了处理T1和T2。在这些情况下，添加有机改良剂，富含氧化铁的土壤和碳酸盐改良剂的剂量不足以有效，因此建议应用新的处理方法以完成瓜迪亚玛尔绿色走廊的全部恢复。