Staphylococcus aureus is a major opportunistic human pathogen that is globally prevalent. Although S. aureus and humans may have co‐evolved to the point of commensalism, the bacterium is equipped with virulence factors causing devastating infections. The adoption of an intracellular lifestyle by S. aureus is an important facet of its pathogenesis. Occupying a privileged intracellular compartment permits evasion from the bactericidal actions of host immunity and antibiotics. However, this localization exposes S. aureus to cell‐intrinsic processes comprising autophagy, metabolic challenges and clearance mechanisms orchestrated by host programmed cell death pathways (PCDs), including apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis. Mounting evidence suggests that S. aureus deploys pathoadaptive mechanisms that modulate the expression of its virulence factors to prevent elimination through PCD pathways. In this review, we critically analyse the current literature on the interplay between S. aureus virulence factors with the key, intertwined nodes of PCD. We discuss how S. aureus adaptation to the human host plays an essential role in the evasion of PCD, and we consider future directions to study S. aureus–PCD interactions.

中文翻译：

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细胞内金黄色葡萄球菌和宿主细胞死亡途径

金黄色葡萄球菌是一种全球流行的主要机会性人类病原体。虽然S . 金黄色葡萄球菌和人类可能已经共同进化到共生的程度，这种细菌配备了导致毁灭性感染的毒力因子。S采用细胞内生活方式。金黄色葡萄球菌是其发病机制的一个重要方面。占据特权的细胞内隔室可以逃避宿主免疫和抗生素的杀菌作用。然而，这种本地化暴露了S。金黄色葡萄球菌到细胞内在过程，包括自噬、代谢挑战和由宿主程序性细胞死亡途径 (PCD) 协调的清除机制，包括细胞凋亡、细胞焦亡和坏死性凋亡。越来越多的证据表明S . 金黄色葡萄球菌采用病理适应机制来调节其毒力因子的表达，以防止通过 PCD 途径消除。在这篇综述中，我们批判性地分析了当前关于S之间相互作用的文献。金黄色葡萄球菌毒力因子与 PCD 的关键、交织节点。我们讨论如何S。金黄色葡萄球菌对人类宿主的适应在逃避 PCD 方面起着至关重要的作用，我们考虑了未来的研究方向小号。金黄色葡萄球菌-PCD 相互作用。