ABSTRACT The Norwegian ethnonym Kven and the Finnish ethnonym Kainulainen occurred at latest in the first millennium AD. A tacit truth held today is that the ethnonyms represent the same ancient Finnish-speaking group, only named differently by Norwegians and Finns. The aim of the article is to find out whether the ethnonyms have been used to designate different groups of people. The Finnish-speakers in the nearby Tornedalen has called the lower part of the Kalix River in northernmost Sweden the Kainuu River and the upper part Kaalas River after the original Sámi name of the river. According to theories on ethnicity they called the lower part the Kainuu River [Fin. Kainuunväylä] because they wanted to mark out the Swedish speakers of different ethnicity, who they called Kainulaiset. The latter mainly settled the lower part of the river in the Middle Ages and Finnish-speakers the upper part. The article reveals that the Sámi variety Gainolâš was used by the Sámi for depicting dominant majority populations of different ethnicity, especially Scandinavians, but sometimes also Finns. It also argues that Finnish settlers in southern Finland and the northernmost Gulf of Bothnia used Kainulainen for depicting Swedish settlers when the two language groups first encountered.

中文翻译：

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Kalix 河谷的“Kainulaiset”是芬兰人还是瑞典人？

摘要 挪威人名 Kven 和芬兰人名 Kainulainen 最迟出现在公元第一个千年。今天的一个默认事实是，这些民族名称代表同一个古老的芬兰语群体，只是挪威人和芬兰人的命名不同。这篇文章的目的是查明这些人名是否被用来指代不同的人群。附近 Tornedalen 的芬兰语使用者将瑞典最北端的 Kalix 河下游称为 Kainuu 河，而 Kaalas 河上游则以该河的原始萨米语名称命名。根据种族理论，他们将下游称为凯努河 [Fin. Kainuunväylä] 因为他们想把讲瑞典语的不同种族的人标记出来，他们称之为 Kainulaiset。后者在中世纪主要定居在河流​​的下游，而芬兰语人士则在上游定居。这篇文章揭示了萨米人使用萨米变种 Gainolâš 来描绘不同种族的占主导地位的多数人口，尤其是斯堪的纳维亚人，但有时也包括芬兰人。它还认为，当这两个语言群体第一次相遇时，芬兰南部和波的尼亚湾最北端的芬兰定居者使用凯努莱宁来描绘瑞典定居者。