ABSTRACT This article presents a philosophy of science for ecology – deep naturalism – based on Roy Bhaskar’s transcendental realism. It includes a model of the emergence of ecosystems, analogous to the Transformational Model of Social Activity, that I call the Emergence Model of Ecosystem Resilience. It also proposes the following definition of ecosystem resilience: the process by which the internal complexity of an ecosystem and its coherence as a whole – stemming from the relative ‘richness’ or ‘modularity’ of emergent structures and behaviours/growth/life-history of species – results in the inter-dependencies of its components or their binding as totalities such that the identity of the ecosystem tends to remain intact, despite intrinsic and/or extrinsic entropic forces. This definition is significantly different from mainstream, empiricist definitions.

中文翻译：

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深层自然主义的可能性：生态哲学

摘要本文介绍了基于罗伊·巴斯卡（Roy Bhaskar）的超验现实主义的生态科学哲学–深层自然主义。它包括一个生态系统出现的模型，类似于社会活动的转化模型，我称之为生态系统复原力的出现模型。它还提出了以下生态系统复原力的定义：生态系统内部复杂性及其整体一致性的过程，该过程源于新兴结构的相对“丰富”或“模块化”以及生态系统的行为/增长/生活史。物种–导致其组成部分之间的相互依赖性或它们作为整体的绑定，因此，尽管存在内在和/或外在的熵力，生态系统的身份也趋于保持完整。这个定义与主流有很大的不同，