ABSTRACT This paper investigates the firing of seventeenth Century musket balls. Prior to this research, the main concerns with making range predictions were associated with the deformed shape of the musket balls affecting their drag coefficient and therefore their distance to ground impact. However, the distance due to bounce and roll after initial impact has been unknown. In this work, the distance travelled after the first ground impact greatly exceeded expectations, with the musket balls approximately doubling the distance to their final resting positions. From these findings the initial factors thought to have had high relevance to the final resting position of the musket ball (velocity variation and drag co-efficient) become less significant and factors such as ground hardness become more prominent. The knowledge gained during this investigation will allow more accurate information to be obtained on the firing positions of opposing forces during conflicts in the English Civil War.

中文翻译：

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十七世纪火枪弹的弹道学

摘要 本文研究了 17 世纪火枪弹的发射。在进行这项研究之前，进行射程预测的主要问题与火枪弹丸的变形形状有关，这会影响其阻力系数，从而影响它们与地面的距离。然而，初始撞击后弹跳和滚动的距离是未知的。在这项工作中，第一次地面撞击后的距离大大超出了预期，火枪子弹到最终静止位置的距离大约增加了一倍。根据这些发现，被认为与火枪球的最终静止位置高度相关的初始因素（速度变化和阻力系数）变得不那么重要，地面硬度等因素变得更加突出。