Abstract Economic development is a process of structural transformation with continuous technological innovation and industrial upgrading, which increases labor productivity, and accompanied improvements in infrastructure and institution, which reduces transaction costs. The middle-income trap is a result of a middle-income country’s failure to have a faster labor productivity growth through technological innovation and industrial upgrading than high-income countries. Industrial policy is essential for the government of a middle-income country to prioritize the use of its limited resources to facilitate technological innovation and industrial upgrading by overcoming inherent externality and coordination issues in structural transformation. The industries in a middle-income country may be classified into five different types, depending on their distance to the global technology frontier: catching-up industries, leading-edge industries, comparative advantage-losing industries, short innovation cycle industries, and comparative advantage-defying strategic industries. Industrial policy should be designed accordingly.

中文翻译：

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避免中等收入陷阱的产业政策：新的结构经济学视角

摘要经济发展是结构转型的过程，不断进行技术创新和产业升级，提高了劳动生产率，同时伴随着基础设施和制度的改善，降低了交易成本。中等收入陷阱是中等收入国家未能通过技术创新和产业升级实现比高收入国家更快的劳动生产率增长的结果。对于中等收入国家的政府而言，产业政策至关重要，它可以通过克服结构转型中固有的外部性和协调问题，优先利用有限的资源来促进技术创新和产业升级。中等收入国家/地区的行业可以分为五种不同的类型，取决于它们与全球技术前沿的距离：追赶性产业，前沿产业，相对优势丧失产业，创新周期短的产业和相对优势挑战性战略产业。产业政策应据此设计。